春灌模式对晚播冬小麦水分利用及产量形成的影响  

Influence of different spring irrigation treatments on water use and yield formation of late-sowing winter wheat

作　　者：张胜全[1] 方保停[1,2] 王志敏[1] 周顺利[1] 张英华[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院,北京100193 [2]河南省农业科学院小麦研究中心,河南郑州450000

出　　处：《生态学报》2009年第4期2035-2044,共10页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家“十一五”科技支撑计划资助项目(2007BAD69B05);国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)资助项目(2006AA10020);国家自然科学基金资助项目(30771271)

摘　　要：为了明确华北严重缺水区晚播冬小麦耗水规律及高产高效灌溉制度,在大田条件下设置不灌水(W0)、1水(W1,拔节水)、2水(W2,拔节水+开花水)、3水(W3,起身水+孕穗水+开花水)和4水(W4,起身水+孕穗水+开花水+灌浆水)等五种春季灌溉模式,研究了不同灌溉模式下晚播冬小麦水分利用特征及产量形成特点。结果表明,在晚播且免浇冬水条件下,春季每增加750m3/hm2的灌溉水量则减少土壤水消耗量约440m3/hm2,增加小麦总耗水量约230m3/hm2;从播种到拔节,小麦阶段耗水强度低,此生育阶段控制灌溉可显著降低总耗水量;春季第一水推迟至拔节期可提高土壤水消耗量占总耗水量比例至50%,土壤水利用率增加;开花前仅灌一次拔节水可基本满足拔节-开花期耗水需要,其群体库容量与开花前灌起身水+孕穗水模式无显著差异,且由于相对降低了开花期群体叶面积,显著增加了群体粒叶比;晚播密植条件下,单位面积穗数是群体库容形成的主要贡献因素,在保证大库容建成条件下,灌浆期灌水会降低开花前贮藏物质向籽粒再转运比例,而后期控水可显著提高开花前贮藏物质再转运比例和对库容填充的贡献率,且较高的群体库源比增强了库对源的反馈促进作用,使花后单位叶面积的物质生产能力提高,这可补偿后期水分亏缺对叶片光合生产的不利影响。连续两年试验结果显示,晚播密植条件下,春季灌拔节水和开花水可以实现高产与水分高效利用的统一。To clarify water consumption characteristics and optimal irrigation strategies for late-sowing winter wheat in seriously water-deficit North China Plain,five spring irrigation treatments,i.e.,W0（no irrigation）,W1（irrigation at jointing stage）,W2（irrigation at jointing and anthesis）,W3（irrigation at double ridge,booting and anthesis）,and W4（irrigation at double ridge,booting,anthesis and filling stage）,were applied in 2005-06 and 2006-07 to investigate the characteristics of water use and yield formation of late-sowing winter wheat under different spring irrigation treatments.The results showed that total water consumption（TWC）increased 230 m3/hm2,and soil water consumption（SWC）decreased 440 m3/hm2 with each additional irrigation（750m3/hm2）under the conditions of late-sowing and no winter irrigation.The water consumption rate was low from sowing to jointing,and restriction of irrigation during this stage reduced TWC significantly.When the first spring irrigation was postponed to jointing stage,the contribution of SWC to TWC was increased to 50%.Only one jointing irrigation before anthesis satisfied basic water requirement of wheat from jointing to anthesis,had no significantly different sink capacity compared with two irrigations（double ridge and booting）before anthesis,and improved ratio of total grain number to total leaf area significantly due to reduced leaf area at anthesis.Under late-and dense-sowing conditions,ear density was the main factor contributing to population sink capacity.With adequate sink capacity,irrigation at grain-filling led to less remobilization of carbohydrates accumulated before anthesis to grains,whereas restriction of irrigation after anthesis could significantly increase remobilization of carbohydrates accumulated before anthesis to grains and their contributions to grain filling.High sink/source ratio enhanced the feedback effect of sink to source,improved dry matter productivity per unit leaf area after anthesis significantly,and compensated for t

关 键 词：冬小麦 灌溉制度 耗水特性 源 库 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]