美国和日本乡村污水治理的组织管理与启示  

Organization,Administration and Illumination of Rural Sewage Treatment in USA and Japan

作　　者：范彬[1] 武洁玮[1] 刘超[2] 严岩[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境水质学国家重点实验室,北京100085 [2]住房和城乡建设部农村污水处理技术北方研究中心,北京100085

出　　处：《中国给水排水》2009年第10期6-10,14,共6页China Water & Wastewater

基　　金：水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2008ZX07318-006)

摘　　要：农村生活污水治理与其说是技术问题,不如说是组织和管理问题。美国在20世纪60年代已基本实现城乡一体化,农村与城市污水治理适用同一法律体系,在农村分散污水治理中强调家庭自主,国家给予一定的扶持。日本的农村污水治理与城乡一体化几乎同步。为促进农村污水治理,日本在农村实施了一套有别于城市的法规与政策,通过政府主导、居民配合、第三方负责的模式,形成了相对完善和有效的农村污水治理的组织与管理体系。我国适宜由政府主导,将农村分散污水治理视为与城市集中污水治理同等重要的永久性基础设施的建设,在政策和资金上给予倾斜扶持,统筹规划,立足长远,建立集中建设、服务与管理的农村分散污水治理的实施体系,通过建设带动农村卫生健康和环境保护目标的共同实现。Rural domestic sewage treatment would rather be a question of organization and admin- istration than a question of technique. The urban-rural integration was completed by USA in the 1960s. The same legislations for sewage treatment are adopted in the urban and rural areas. Households are the main obligatory aspect in rural sewage treatment, while the governments provide certain support and assistance. In Japan, rural sewage treatment approximately began at the same time as the urban-rural integration. To promote rural sewage treatment, a set of special laws and policies are implemented in Japan. A sound and efficient system for rural sewage treatment is built through government leading, households cooperating and third party executing. The illumination to China is that the government plays an active leading role in rural sewage treatment, and the decentralized sewage treatment facilities in rural area should be regarded as the same important infrastructure as the large scale centralized ones in cities. It is also suggested that, with certain politic and financial support, with overall and long-term planning as well as by setting up a centralized construction, service and administration system, the comprehensive aims of the countryside health and environmental protection can be realized simultaneously with the sewer constructions.

关 键 词：农村生活污水 美国 日本 组织与管理 

分 类 号：X703[环境科学与工程—环境工程]