批判理论的范式转型及其问题--重思“后形而上学思想”与“否定的辩证法”的关系  

The Paradigm Shift in Critical Theory and Its Problems——Rethinking the Relations between "Postmetaphysical Thinking" and "Negative Dialectics"

作　　者：谢永康[1] 

机构地区：[1]南开大学哲学系讲师,天津300071

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2009年第3期32-43,共12页Social Sciences in China

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“当代中国马克思主义的基本理论特征研究”(项目批准号:08JZD001)资助

摘　　要：哈贝马斯的后形而上学思想和阿多诺的否定辩证法分别代表法兰克福学派历史上两种不同的社会批判和形而上学批判"范式"。阿多诺采取辩证法的内在批判方法,试图深入形而上学的基本矛盾,在其辩证本质之中实现内在超越,以建立一种新型的主客体关系,实现主体和客体之间的和解。而哈贝马斯则宣布形而上学基本框架的可能性已经耗尽,阿多诺的形而上学批判也陷入了绝境。因此,他认为必须抛弃形而上学的基本问题框架,转向交往哲学的范式。相应地,主体间性将取代主体性,成为新哲学"范式"的基础。哈贝马斯的哲学范式转型无论在其思维方式上还是实际的论证上都存在着困难,而任何克服这些困难的尝试都导向辩证法的理路。阿多诺的否定辩证法表达了更为深刻的见地,也为未来的理论方式建构打开了一个可能性空间。Habermas’s postmetaphysical thinking and Adorno’s negative dialectics represent two different paradigms of social critique and critique of metaphysics in the history of the Frankfurt School. Adorno uses an internal critique of dialectics in an attempt to probe into the fundamental contradictions of metaphysics and achieve an immanent transcendence in its dialectical nature, with a view to establishing a new type of relationship between subject and object and realizing a reconciliation between them. However, Habermas declares that the basic framework of metaphysics is worn out and Adorno’s critique of metaphysics has reached a dead end; we have no choice but to turn away from the basic problematic of metaphysics and adopt the paradigm of philosophy of communication. Correspondingly, intersubjectivity will replace subjectivity as the foundation of this new philosophical paradigm. Despite this, Habermas’s paradigm shift presents difficulties both in its mode of thinking and its specific reasoning. Any attempt to overcome these difficulties will lead to the dialectical approach. Adorno’s negative dialectics exhibits more incisive insights and leaves space for the possible construction of future theoretical modes.

关 键 词：后形而上学 否定辩证法 哈贝马斯 阿多诺 

分 类 号：B08[哲学宗教—哲学理论]