铊,铊中毒及铊在生态系中迁移径迹  

Tl,Tl Poisoning,and Tl Remove Tracks in the Ecological System

作　　者：张宝贵[1] 张忠[1] 胡静[1] 秦朝建[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地球化学研究所矿床地球化学国家重点实验室,贵州贵阳550002

出　　处：《地球与环境》2009年第2期131-135,共5页Earth and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(批准号:40372047)

摘　　要：铊属于分散元素,独立矿物稀少,极难形成独立铊矿床。铊世界年产量约15吨,几乎都是从有色金属选冶产品中作为副产品顺便回收。我国铊资源比较丰富,按相同等级资源相比,我国铊储量居世界首位。铊的地球化学性质受其电子构型和地质地球化学作用制约,铊原子处于基态时的电子构型为6S26P1。铊有两个地球化学价态,正一价和正三价,在自然界多数呈正一价。铊具有低温成矿,亲硫和高温分散,亲石的双重地球化学性质。铊是有用元素,也是有毒元素。铊被广泛用于超导、电子、合金、光学、化工、玻璃和医药等工业。铊的毒性对哺乳动物比汞、隔、铅、铜、锌还强。铊对生物有毒害,高含量的铊对人体可导致不同程度的铊病,甚至死亡。由于铊矿床的开发利用,使采挖出的含铊岩矿石和冶炼矿渣堆积地表,在长期风化淋滤作用下,使释放的铊进入地表水体、土壤、植物、动物和人体生态链,故引起铊环境污染和铊中毒。Thallium is a dispersed element and it seldom occurs in the form of independent minerals. The world annual production of Tl is about 15 ton, most of which is by-product separated from non-ferrous metal product. China is abundant in Tl resources and the reserves of Tl in China rank the first in the world. The electronic configuration of Tl is 6S; 6P1 when thallium atoms are in the ground state. Thallium has two geochemical valent states： positively monovalent and positively trivalent. It is mostly positively monovalent in nature. The electronic configuration and geochemical properties of Tl make it possess double geochemical properties, i. e. , on one hand, it is sulphophile and can be concentrated to form Tl deposits under low temperature conditions and on the other hand, it is lithophile and is of dispersed occurrence under high temperature conditions. Thallium is a useful element and is a toxic element as well. Thallium is widely used in supercoduction, electronics, alloy, optics, chemical industry, glass, and medicinal industry. Thallium is more toxic to mammals than mercury; cadmium, lead, copper and zinc. The high TI level may do great harm to living things; if excessive, it would induce a variety of poisoning disease, even death. Thallium pollution and poisoning have been found in the mining districts of thallium deposits as a result of introduction of thallium into surface waters, soils, plants and human bodies owing to weathering and leaching of Tl-rich ores and rocks left in the open air.

关 键 词：铊 铊地球化学 铊中毒 铊污染机制 滥木厂铊矿床 

分 类 号：P595[天文地球—地球化学]