东北黑土玉米单作体系氨挥发特征研究  

In situ study of ammonia volatilization from black soil with maize monoculture system

作　　者：纪玉刚[1,2] 孙静文[1] 周卫[1] 梁国庆[1] 何萍[1] 马献发[3] 魏丹[3] 吴英[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]黄冈师范学院,湖北黄冈438000 [3]黑龙江省农业科学院士壤肥料研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨150086

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2009年第5期1044-1050,共7页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划课题(2006BAD25B01);国家重点基础研究发展计划“973”课题(2007CB109306);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助

摘　　要：采用通气法测定了东北黑土玉米单作体系田间土壤的原位氨挥发。试验设5个氮肥处理,即:施氮量(N)分别为0、150、225和300 kg/hm^2(分别用N_0、N_1、N_2和N_3表示),N_1、N_2和N_3处理基施氮肥和拔节期追肥各1/2,其中N_3为习惯施肥;同时,设置优化施肥处理N_4,用量为N 225 kg/hm^2,基施氮肥、拔节肥和孕穗期肥各1/3。结果表明,来自肥料的氨挥发持续时间较短,一般发生在施肥后的7 d内。由于追肥期高温低湿,追肥期氨挥发量显著高于基施氮肥。随施氮量增加,氨挥发损失增加;优化施肥(N_4)的氨挥发损失量明显低于习惯施肥,N_1、N_2、N_3和N_4处理来自氮肥的氨挥发依次为N 5.09、9.18、13.47和7.14 kg/hm^2,相当于施氮量的3.39%、4.08%、4.49%和3.17%。可见,优化施肥对于我国东北集约化农区节省氮肥和提高氮肥利用率有重要意义。Ammonia volatilization （AV） from soil is an important pathway for fertilizer N loss from field, while less information is available on AV from black soil in Northeast China. For understanding the seriousness of AV in this area, a venting method was used to investigate AV from black soil in maize monoculture system, treatments of nitrogen fertilizer （Urea） application included： （1） N0 （Control, no nitrogen application）; （2） N1 （N 150 kg/hm^2）; （3） N2 （N 225 kg/ hm^2）; （4） N3 （N 300 kg/ hm^2）.The N3 represented the traditional N application, and for N1, N2, and N3, 1/2 was used before sowing as basal, and 1/2 used at jointing stage as top-dressing. One more treatment was added as N4 （N 225 kg/ hm^2）, 1/3 the total amount was used respectively before sowing, at jointing stage,and at booting stage, and this represented optimized N application approach. In field condition,it was found that ammonia volatilization lasted short,and took place within a week after N application. The amount of AV from N fertilizer as top-dressing was found to be higher than that as basal, due to the higher temperature and the lower soil moisture at jointing stage and booting stage. The N loss through AV increased with the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer. For N1, N2 , N3 and N4 treatment, the amount of AV from N fertilizer were N 5.09, 9.18, 13.47 and 7.14 kg/ hm^2,which were equivalent to 3.39%, 4.08%, 4.49% and 3.17% of fertilizer N applied, respectively. Optimized N application approach lowered the N loss by AV greatly compared to traditional N application. Therefore, optimized fertilization is of great importance for increasing N use efficiency and saving N fertilizer in intensive cropping area in Northeast China.

关 键 词：黑土 氨挥发 优化施氮 玉米 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]