南京人头骨化石研究新进展  

RECENT STUDIES ON THE HUMAN CRANIAL FOSSILS FROM NANJING

作　　者：刘武[1] 邢松[1] 张银运[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所脊椎动物进化系统学重点实验室,北京100044

出　　处：《古生物学报》2009年第3期357-363,共7页Acta Palaeontologica Sinica

基　　金：中国科学院资源环境领域知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX2-YW-106);国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(2006CB806400);科技部国际合作重点项目(2007DFB20330)联合资助

摘　　要：1993年在南京汤山葫芦洞发现了2具人类头骨化石——南京1号头骨和南京2号头骨。这2具头骨化石先后经过两次研究都被认为是属于直立人。近几年来,对南京人类头骨化石作了更深入的研究,研究涉及的内容可归纳为:1)对南京2号头骨作了复位和复原、进行了重新鉴定。对南京1号头骨作了颅容量计算;2)对南京1号头骨作了更广泛的比较,对比标本包括周口店直立人头骨、印尼Sangiran17直立人头骨、肯尼亚KNM-ER3733头骨和东非Bodo头骨;3)对南京1号头骨的适应性特征——鼻梁高耸进行了论证。这些研究的结果表明:1)南京2号头骨应属于早期智人而不是直立人。南京1号头骨的颅容量,经计算,为871ml。该颅容量与周口店3号头骨的相当,二者年代也应相近(周口店3号头骨的年代为57.8万年);2)南京1号头骨显示出地区性的形态特征,提示了中国人群南北两大类型的形态差别早在南京直立人生活时期已显出端倪。南京1号头骨及和县头骨可能代表一类中国南方的直立人群,其形态与以周口店直立人为代表的中国北方直立人群有些不同。南京1号头骨在脑颅上显示出较多的与KNM-ER3733头骨相近的特征,但在面颅上二者相差较大,提示了直立人某些成员在至少1Ma期间脑颅形态保持稳定。南京1号头骨与Bodo头骨的比较结果与"中心和边缘"假说的推测相符合,在东亚这个"边缘地区",现代人群的面颅测量性特征可追溯到直立人群那里;3)南京直立人的高耸鼻梁是适应性特征,是对寒冷或(和)干燥气候适应的结果,并不意味着"西方血统"。Two crania,Nanjing 1 and Nanjing 2,were found in a cave near Nanjing in 1993,and referred to as Homo erectus.In recent years,the distortional Nanjing 2 was restored,the Nanjing 1 was compared,and the highly projecting nasal bones,an unusual feature of Nanjing 1,were explained.The Nanjing 2 is an incomplete calvarium,and preserves cracked frontal,parietal,and occipital bones only.The restored calvarium presents larger parietal bones,a relatively narrow upper scale of occipital bone and a probable larger cranial capacity,and reveals affinities with early Homo sapiens rather than Homo erectus.The comparisons of Nanjing 1 with Zhoukoudian,Sangiran 17,KUM-ER 3733 and Bodo indicate that：1）A certain level of regional variation can be observed;2） The similarity between Nanjing 1 and KUM-ER 3733 in most features of calvaria suggests an anatomical stability of some members of Homo erectus in calvaria morphology over a span of at least a million years;3）The facial measurements of Nanjing 1 and Bodo confirm the prediction of the ＂Center and Edge＂ hypothesis,which emphasizes that at the periphery,some of the features that marked modern geographic variation appear in Homo erectus and were maintained for very long time periods.An observation discloses that highly projecting nasal bones have not been found in the crania from Africa,Europe,and West Asia during the time of Nanjing Homo erectus or earlier time.Therefore,the nasal feature of Nanjing 1 cannot be used as evidence of western affinities.It is acceptable that the high projection of nasal bones is a feature of adaptation to climate.Furthermore,the capacity of Nanjing 1 was calculated to be 871 ml,which is comparable to that of Zhoukoudian 3 and supports the date 580—620 KaBP for Nanjing 1.

关 键 词：南京1号头骨 南京2号头骨 直立人 早期智人 地区性变异 形态稳定 “中心和边缘”假说 对气候的适应 

分 类 号：Q981[天文地球—古生物学与地层学] TS971[生物学—人类学]