中亚五国水土资源开发及其安全性对比分析  

Comparative Analysisof the Land-Water Resources Exploitation and Its Safety in the Five Countries of Central Asia

作　　者：吉力力.阿不都外力 木巴热克.阿尤普 刘东伟[1,2] 武广洋[1,2] 唐杨[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐830011 [2]中国科学院研究生院,北京100049

出　　处：《冰川冻土》2009年第5期960-968,共9页Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology

基　　金：中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX2-YW-307);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2009CB825101);国家自然科学基金项目(40671170);新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(200821162)资助

摘　　要：由于气候变暖和人类活动的影响,随着人口增长和区域农业灌溉发展,再加上低效率水资源管理等已导致中亚区域水土生态系统的退化.主要针对前苏联解体后到2007年的时段,对中亚五国水土资源开发情况及其对安全状态指标进行对比分析.结果表明:在1988—2007年期间,哈萨克斯坦人口总数逐年减少,人均可更新水资源量和人均总取水量呈逐年增加的趋势;其它中亚4国(吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦)人均水资源量出现逐年降低的趋势;乌兹别克斯坦是最大取水用户国家,次为土库曼斯坦;乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦是最大农业取水国,哈萨克斯坦是最大工业取水国,乌兹别克斯坦是最大生活取水国.到2005年,塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的淡水产量降到1989年的99%.在1992—2005年间,除了土库曼斯坦外其它中亚国家人均耕地面积逐年减少;同期,哈萨克斯坦的森林和草地面积有所减少,吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦有所扩大,塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的森林面积基本上保持不变,草地面积有所降低.乌兹别克斯坦是化肥施用和土壤盐渍化强度较严重的国家,土壤盐渍化面积占总灌溉面积从1994年50%扩大到2001年65.9%.Due to the climate change and human activities, the Aral Sea Basin crisis has become the most serious problem to the five Central Asian countries, and itis also considered as one of the importantglobal ecological safety problem. The increase of population, the expansion ofirrigation agricultureand low efficiency of water resources management have resulted in the degradation of the regional land-water ecosystemin this countries. In this paper, a comparative analysis of the water-land resources exploitationand its safety state index from the periodof the break-up of Soviet Union to 2007 was taken. The results showed that： 1） In the period of 1988-2007, Kazakhstan total population decreased; total renewablewater resources per capita and water-taking per capita presented an increasing trend. At the same time, the annual averagetotal internal and external water resources kept at the same level. In otherfour countries, the total water resources per capita appeareda decreasing trend. Uzbekistan is the largest fresh water consumption country, followed by Turkmenistan. At the same period, Uzbekistanand Turkmenistan used most of their water resources for agriculture purpose. Kazakhstan is the highest water consumption country in industries, and Uzbekistan is also the highest domestic water consumption country. In 2005, the fresh water output of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan decreased 99% as compared with that in 1989. 2） At the period of 1992-2005, except Turkmenistan, per capita irrigated area of other four counties decreased year by year. At the same period, the forest and grass land areas of Kazakhstan decreasedfor some degree. However, itpresented an expanding trend in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The forest areas of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan almost kept at the same level, but grass land area decreased; Uzbekistan is the largest fertilizer user country and has therather serious problem with soil salinization among other Central Asian counties, the proportion of salinized land to total irrigated area expanded from

关 键 词：中亚5国 水土资源开发 水土地资源安全状态指标 对比分析 

分 类 号：X820[环境科学与工程—环境工程]