水价的经济学分析  

An Economic Analysis of Water Prices

作　　者：唐增[1] 徐中民[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所寒旱区流域水文及应用生态研究室,兰州730000

出　　处：《中国农村水利水电》2009年第11期130-132,134,共4页China Rural Water and Hydropower

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(40671076);中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX-XB2-04-04)

摘　　要：水价是水资源管理手段中的重要工具,而其核心问题又在于制定合理而有效的水价。从经济角度出发,分析了不同的需求状况和供给状况时水价的形成机制,以及不同水价制定方式的影响。结果表明,不同水价制定方式在成本补偿,社会效益以及效益分配上的结果不同。当用水者对水资源的需求很低,或水资源供需存在不均衡时,社会总效益就可能存在矛盾。而不管水资源的供给和用水者的需求如何,在不考虑政府调节和执行成本的情况下,最终的水价等于用水者从水资源利用中获得的边际效益。Water prices are a basic tool in water management, and the key point is how to “get the price right”. In this paper, the formation of water prices under different water demands and supplies is analyzed. And it is found that different pricing methods have different performances in cost compensation, social benefits and benefit distribution. The results show that when the water market is equilibrium, the water supplierg benefit and users＇ benefit are maximum as long as the water price is equal to marginal cost, which is also equal to marginal benefit of water. If the water market is unequal in demand and supply, the price between the marginal cost and marginal benefit would achieve social benefit maximum, but the benefit distribution between suppliers and users would be different with changes in prices. When it comes to cost compensation, things are different, when the demand for water is low, or the water market is unequal, the price, which could achieve maximum social benefits, may not compensate the cost of water supply. Without regard to the government regulation, the cost of water supply must be compensated, or there is no water supplier, and also the sup- pliers want to maximize their own benefits. From this perspective, the final price of water is equal to the marginal benefit of water when the implementation cost is not considered.

关 键 词：水价形成 边际成本 平均成本 边际效益 

分 类 号：TV213.9[水利工程—水文学及水资源]