秸秆覆盖农田的小气候特征和增产机理研究  

Study on microclimate characters and yield-increasing mechanism in straw mulching field

作　　者：方文松[1] 朱自玺[1] 刘荣花[1] 马志红[1] 师丽魁[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南省气象科学研究所,中国气象局农业气象保障与应用技术重点开放实验室,河南郑州450003

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2009年第6期123-128,共6页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：科技部农业科技成果转化资金项目(05EFN217400415,2006GB24160426)

摘　　要：利用2000-2002年的试验资料和2002-2003年的示范推广资料,对秸秆覆盖的农田小气候和增产机理进行分析。结果表明：秸秆覆盖对农田近地层气温、空气湿度和地温均产生明显影响,但对风速的影响不明显;秸秆覆盖可使地表层显热通量增大,潜热通量和土壤热通量减小,从而使土壤蒸发受限;由于覆盖抑制土壤表面蒸发,使土壤水分无效消耗减少,增加前期土壤水分积累,有利于植株后期蒸腾,使水分消耗从物理过程向生理过程转化,从无效消耗向有效消耗转化,从而增加作物产量,提高水分利用效率。秸秆覆盖可使冬小麦增产8.08%-10.71%,水分利用效率提高3.5%-8.4%;夏玉米增产6.08%-11.97%,水分利用效率提高7.8%-14.4%。Taking use of experimental data from 2000～2002 and demonstration popularization information from 2002～2003,the paper analyzed the microclimate feature and its yield-promoting mechanism under straw mulching.The results showed that： straw mulching had dramatic effects on temperature of field＇s surface layer,air humidity and soil temperature,but wind speed.Straw mulching increased surface sensible heat flux,but decreased latent heat flux and soil heat flux,so the soil evaporation was restricted.As soil surface evaporation was restricted by covering,the ineffective consumption of soil water was decreased,and accumulation was increased accordingly.This was helpful for plant transpiration in later stage,and for water consumption transforming from physical process to physiological process,and from invalid consumption to availability.So straw mulching could increase yield and advance water use efficiency.For winter wheat,straw mulching enabled yield increasing and water use efficiency by 8.08%～10.71% and 3.5%～8.4% respectively,and for summer maize,it promoted yield and water use by 6.08%～11.97% and 7.8%～14.4% respectively.

关 键 词：秸秆覆盖 冬小麦 夏玉米 小气候特征 增产机理 

分 类 号：S162.4[农业科学—农业气象学]