构图与要素——学院派来源与梁思成“文法—词汇”表述及中国现代建筑  

Composition and Element:the Beaux-Arts origin and Liang Sicheng's "grammar and vocabularies" study of Chinese architecture and its influence on modern Chinese architecture

作　　者：赖德霖 

机构地区：[1]美国路易维尔大学美术系

出　　处：《建筑师》2009年第6期55-64,共10页The Architect

摘　　要："文法"和"词汇"是梁思成中国建筑历史研究和中国风格建筑创作思想表述中的一对概念。他不仅用它们来说明中国建筑法式与结构构件和造型要素之间的关系,还由此发展出其中国风格建筑创作的方法,即"建筑可译论"。因此这对概念可以说是梁思成的中国建筑史研究与中国风格建筑设计理论的原点,在中国近现代建筑史上具有重要意义。本文试图将两个概念置于梁所受的学院派建筑教育背景中进行考察。作者认为这项研究不仅可以帮助理解梁的《营造法式》研究,他在1935年所编纂的《建筑设计参考图集》和在1950年代所提出的"建筑可译论"思想的理论基础,还可以进一步厘清学院派建筑教育对中国的影响,并在更大的范围内揭示中国近现代建筑史上许多"中国风格"建筑的设计方法论本质,从而贡献于中国的建筑学术史以及建筑设计思想史。这是因为,在作者看来,无论是19世纪后期和20世纪初期的中国古典复兴式建筑,还是1950年代"社会主义内容,民族形式"的新创作,甚至1980年代和1990年代的"古都风貌式"以及所谓的"欧陆风格"设计都有着相同的方法论来源,这就是法国巴黎美术学院的"构图"与"要素"设计理论。＂Grammar＂ and ＂vocabularies＂ are two key concepts that Liang Sicheng, a great architectural historian of twentieth-century China, employed in his discussion of the relationship between the structural principle and the structural elements of traditional Chinese architecture. He also believed that by substituting Chinese ＂vocabularies＂ for those of a Western building, the style of the latter could be ＂translated＂ into Chinese. This paper investigates the origin of Liang＂ s two concepts in the context of his Beaux-Arts educational background. It attempts to probe the methodological foundation of first, Liang＇ s theory of ＂architectural translation＂ ; and second, his study of two ancient structural manuals-Yingzao Fashi and Gongbu Gongcheng Zuofa-as the ＂grammar＂ of Chinese architecture, and his compilation of a set of catalogues of Chinese architectural details Jianzhu Sheji Cankao Tuji as the ＂vocabularies.＂ Moreover, this study will also contribute to the intellectual history of Chinese architecture and architectural design by revealing the significant influence of the Beaux-Arts school on modern Chinese architecture. This is because？all the various waves of Chinese style designs from the late nineteenth century to the 1980s, as the author argues, had the same methodological origin, which was the ＂composition and elements＂ theory elaborated by Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand and Julien Guadet.

关 键 词：中国近代建筑史 中国现代建筑史 中国建筑学术史 中国建筑设计思想史 梁思成 “文法” “词汇” “建筑可译论” 学院派影响 迪朗 加代 “构图” “要素” 

分 类 号：TU-092[建筑科学—建筑理论]