当前中国《侵权法(草案)》之比较研究  

A Comparative Study of Present Drafts of the Tort Liability Act of the PRC

作　　者：张玉敏[1] 侯国跃[1] 

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学民商法学院,重庆401120

出　　处：《现代法学》2010年第1期51-62,共12页Modern Law Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"新中国民法典起草50年回顾与展望"(05XFX015)

摘　　要：当下的《侵权法》立法准备工作,只能在已有《草案》的基础上继续前进而不能推倒重来,故对比研究这些《草案》的内容并提出完善方案具有重要意义。我国学者对侵权法归责原则存在不同观点,《草案》规定亦仁智互现,将来立法应确立过错责任原则与无过错责任原则。过错推定是过错的认定方法,不是独立的归责原则;公平作为法律价值,既是过错责任与无过错责任确立的基础,又是特殊情况下的损失分摊规则,但并非归责原则。针对具体的侵权责任方式,应适用不同的归责原则,即适用赔礼道歉或赔偿损失的侵权责任方式的,须以责任人的过错为条件;而适用其他侵权责任方式的,不以责任人的过错为条件。应当法定化的抗辩事由包括不可抗力、依法行使权利或执行职务、正当防卫、紧急避险、自助行为、受害人同意、受害人过错、第三人原因。不可抗力是一般侵权责任的免责事由,但能否作为特殊侵权责任的免责事由,则应分别而论。受害人过错规则的适用范围应适当扩大,以涵盖"监护人过错"及"受害人方面的原因"。《侵权法》是"保护法",故侵权责任方式不仅包括损害赔偿,还包括其他方式;但"消除影响"、"恢复名誉"不宜与"赔礼道歉"并列、"修理"不宜与"恢复原状"并列为侵权责任形式,"重做"、"更换"是违约责任形式,而非侵权责任形式。应当将危险物品和危险作业进行区分后各自设置相关规则。物致害责任均为无过错责任,责任人为物的实际管领者。侵权法上的动物致害,应当既包括饲养动物又包括野生动物。损害赔偿的趋势之一是在特殊领域承认惩罚性赔偿,侵权法在产品责任领域可以引进惩罚性赔偿制度,但惩罚性赔偿金额应限制在实际损失的两倍范围之内。Since drafting of the Tort Liability Act can only be done on the accomplishments acquired, it is of great significance to conduct a comparative study of the drafts made out. Scholars differ about the imputation principle and drafts vary thereon. Thus, fault liability and strict liability principles should be adopted in future legislation. Presumption is a only way to establish a fault but not a separate imputation rule. Being considered a legal value, fairness serves as test to decide fault or absolute liability, and also a contribution rule under special circumstances, but not an imputation rule. As to specific tort liability, different imputation rules should be adopted, i. e. , as to a tort that may be redressed by way of offering an apology or paying damages , the precondition is the wrong（s） of the wrong doer while other tort liabilities are not preconditioned by the fault of the wrong doer. Statutory defenses should include force majeure, excising rights under law or executing legal du- ties, self-defense, act of rescue, self-support, consent of the victim, fault of the victim, and reason of the third party. Force majeure is regularly deemed as an exemption of general liabilities, whether it can serve as a defense in special tort cases will be determined specifically. The rule of fault of victim should be more widely applied so as to cover ＂fault of custodian＂ and ＂cause of victim. ＂ Tort law is a ＂law of protection, ＇ as such, damages is by no means the only remedial way, relieves may also be available. However, ＂destroy bad influence,＂ ＂revive reputation＂ or ＂repair＂ may not be adopted as relives as ＂offer an apology＂ or ＂restitution. ＂ ＂Reworking＂ and ＂ replacement＂ are deemed liabilities for breach of contract but not tort liabilities. Hazardous articles and risky operations should be distinguished and respective rules set forth. Any liability for harm caused by thing is held liability without fault, and the liable person the actual manager of the thing. Liabi

关 键 词：侵权法 草案 归责原则 抗辩事由 物致害责任 惩罚性赔偿 

分 类 号：DF522[政治法律—民商法学]