美国法上“记者”的含义  

The Meaning of "Reporter" in American Laws

作　　者：高一飞[1] 

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学,重庆401120

出　　处：《现代法学》2010年第2期117-127,共11页Modern Law Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"媒体与司法关系的国际准则研究"(06xfx016)

摘　　要：在美国各州,记者享有在法庭上拒绝作证的权利,因此,哪些人是记者,即法律上确定"记者"的含义非常重要。美国存在联邦和州两个法律体系。在联邦法律体系中,至今不承认记者有拒证权。而在各州的法律体系中,36个州和哥伦比亚特区存在保护记者拒证权的"盾牌法"。根据立法和判例,美国法律认为所有以从事大众传播为目的的媒体记者都可以是记者,无论是出版社、报刊、广播、电视还是互联网站、博客或者其他电子媒体。个人要成为实质上的记者必须具备两个条件:一是实际参与了将要发表或者已经发表的报道的调查与采访;二是在开始收集新闻的过程中就有将报道向公众传播的明确意图。记者也不总是那些已经发表了作品的人,对于有证据证明,其调查、采访、写作的目的是为了完成作品向大众传播,那么无论他处于调查、采访、写作的哪个阶段,他都是"记者",可以享受记者拒证权。In the USA, since reporters are accorded to the journalist＇ s privilege, it is very important to determine who are reporters recognized by law. There is a two-tier legal system in the USA, i. e. , federal and local. In the federal jurisdiction till now reporters are still denied such a privilege. In the state jurisdictions, 36 states including the District of Columbia have got so-called ＂Shield Law＂ to protect newsmen＇ s privilege. According to legislation and decided cases, generally, American laws view all the people as reporters who conduct mass media publication activities, no matter they are working for the publishing house, newspapers, radio, television, Internet, blog or other electronic media. Any individual who wants to be a reporter must satisfy two requirements： s/he is actually engaged in investigation or interview of the event that has been or is to be reported ; s/he has a clear intention at the very beginning of collecting information to communicate what s/he collects to the public. No all reporters are those that have their works pul^lished. Any one who can be proved with ade- quate evidence that the purpose of her/his investigation, interview, or writing is to publish a work to the public can be admitted as a reporter and accorded to the journalist＇ s privilege, regardless of what stage her/his work is still in.

关 键 词：记者拒证特权消息来源大众媒体大众传播“麦登测试” 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学]