中国草食牲畜发展战略  

Development strategy of grassland animal husbandry in China

作　　者：周道玮[1] 孙海霞[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,长春130012

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2010年第2期393-398,共6页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(30970493);国家科技支撑计划项目(2009BADB3B02)资助

摘　　要：未来30年, 中国人口15亿时, 人口增加需要增加口粮0.4亿 t; 按现在肉食品生产水平和生产方式发展, 届时中国至少需要增加猪肉禽肉蛋生产0.12亿 t, 需要增加饲料粮0.31亿 t, 总体增加0.71亿 t, 加之奶生产增加所需增加的饲料粮, 粮食总生产需要达到5.71亿t以上, 这是很难实现的目标。改变肉食品生产方式, 即减少猪肉生产增加牛羊肉生产, 具有节约300亿kg粮食的潜力; 提高草食牲畜饲料转化率至5%～6%, 并将多生产的牛羊肉替换猪肉生产, 具有节约粮食200亿kg的潜力, 两项合计可以节约粮食500亿kg。本文分析了发展节粮型草地畜牧业, 节约粮食消耗, 并保证肉品供应的途径, 提出奶类生产通过发展1亿只奶山羊替换1 670万头奶牛, 以解决农村人口喝奶问题, 实现全国奶生产消费与现今世界水平持平的目标。为实现草食牲畜生产增加2倍的目标, 需要充分挖掘作物秸秆资源及南方冬闲田、疏林地、草原区的隐域生境等土地资源, 同时提高草地和上述资源的优化利用效率; 大力发展豆科牧草资源, 解决中国粗饲料蛋白含量不足以及调整牲畜分布格局也是关键问题。It is hardly unlikely that gross grain consumption in China will exceed 600 million ton （including increases of 40 million ton in grain ration, 31 million in feed-grain for the production of 12 million ton of pork, chicken, egg and milk） in 30 years even when the population reaches 1.5 billion. Changes in meat food production pattern, namely decreasing in pork production and inverse changes in beef and mutton production, offer potential saving of 30 billion kg grain. Furthermore, improving feed rate by 5%～6% for grazing livestock and replacing pork with excessive beef and mutton production will result in saving of 20 billion kg grain. The two combined will therefore result in saving 50 billion kg of grain. This paper analyzes the methods for developing grassland animal husbandry, saving grain consumption and guaranteeing meat supply. Milk production mode is suggested by replacing 16.7 million dairy cows with 100 million dairy goats. This mode could meet milk requirement of rural population with an equal national milk consumption level to that of the developed countries. To double the quantity of herbivores livestock in the country, crop straws, win-ter fallow in South China, sparse forestlands and intrazonal habitats of grasslands should be sufficiently exploited with improved utilization efficiencies of grassland and various resources above normal levels. Developing legume forage for improving protein lev-els in roughage and modifying livestock distribution patterns are the core practical issues of grassland animal husbandry.

关 键 词：草食牲畜 草地畜牧业 肉食品生产 奶类生产 奶山羊 奶牛 粗饲料 高蛋白饲草 

分 类 号：S815[农业科学—畜牧学]