灌溉和尿素类型对玉米水分利用效率的影响  

Effects of irrigation and urea types on water use efficiency of maize

作　　者：邵国庆[1,2] 李增嘉[1] 宁堂原[1] 郑延海[3] 田慎重[1] 王瑜[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学农学院作物生物学国家重点实验室,泰安271018 [2]微山县农业局农业技术推广站,济宁277600 [3]中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室,北京100093

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2010年第3期58-63,共6页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(30900876);国家科技支撑计划(2006BAD10B07);2008年公益性行业(农业)科研专项(200803028);山东省中青年科学家科研奖励基金计划(2007BS06017)

摘　　要：水分和氮素运筹是提高作物产量的重要措施。为了研究不同灌水条件下常规尿素和控释尿素用量对玉米各生育期土壤含水率、籽粒灌浆速率和水分利用效率的影响,该文选用了常规尿素和控释尿素2种类型,施N量各设75和150kg/hm22个水平,以不施氮为对照;水分设置全生育期不灌水、浇85mm灌浆水2个水平,随机区组设计。结果表明:相同灌水条件和施氮水平下,与常规尿素相比,控释尿素处理0～140cm土层土壤含水率在玉米小口期前较高,而收获期却较低,实现了土壤水分的"前贮后用"。相同灌水条件和施氮水平下,与常规尿素相比,控释尿素处理玉米籽粒灌浆速率、总水分利用效率和灌溉水增产效率均显著提高。增加施N量显著提高总水分利用效率和灌溉水增产效率。与不灌溉相比,灌溉降低了玉米的总水分利用效率,但提高了玉米籽粒灌浆速率和籽粒产量。与常规尿素相比,控释尿素与水分对总水分利用效率和灌溉水增产效率的耦合效应更显著,利于高产与水分高效利用的同步。进一步分析表明,土壤水分的"前贮后用"和较高的灌浆速率是控释尿素能提高玉米总水分利用效率和灌溉水增产效率的重要原因。这对半湿润地区玉米节水高产栽培有重要参考价值。Water and nitrogen managements are both very important to increase crop yields. For the sake of discussing the effects of irrigation and urea types（normal urea and controlled release urea） on soil water content,kernel filling rate and water use efficiency of maize（Zea Mays L.） ,an experiment was carried out in a randomized design. Each urea type was used at two nitrogen levels,which were 75 kg/hm^2 and 150 kg/hm^2,with no nitrogen used as control respectively. Two irrigation levels,no irrigation in the whole growth duration and irrigated 85 mm at grain filling stage,were designed. The results showed that,at the same level of irrigation and nitrogen,soil water contents in 0-140 cm layer of maize applied with controlled release urea（CU） were higher（P〈0.05） at pre-tasselling stage,but lower at maturity stage,than those applied with normal urea（NU） ,which can be named as an effect of ＂store water at early stage in soil and use it at late stage（SEUL） ＂. Compared with NU,CU could significantly increase kernel filling rate,water use efficiency（WUE） ,and yield increased efficiency by irrigation（IEI） . WUE and IEI of the treatments applying nitrogen at 150 kg/hm2 were higher than those applying at 75 kg/hm^2. Compared to no irrigation,irrigation reduced the WUE,but increased kernel filling rate and grain yield. CU coupling effect with soil water was higher than that of NU,which could increase the yield and WUE of maize simultaneously. Further analysis of the results showed that,the increases of WUE and IEI of CU were mainly resulted from SEUL effect and higher kernel filling rate. This research provides academic and instructive meanings for high yield and water use efficiency of maize in subhumid regions.

关 键 词：灌溉 尿素 节水 玉米 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S275[农业科学—农业水土工程] S513[农业科学—农业工程]