建构安全“威胁”:美国战略的政治选择  

Constructing Security "Threats":U.S. Strategy and Political Options

作　　者：刘永涛[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海复旦大学美国研究中心,上海200433

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2010年第6期118-128,共11页World Economics and Politics

摘　　要：在国际政治领域,往往存在着这种现象:像美国这样的超强国家经常给自己寻找并建构外来(潜在的)安全"威胁",包括反复叙述国家面临着(潜在的)"竞争对手"和"敌人"。然而,这种建构国家安全"威胁"和"敌人"的做法,似乎并不符合现存国际政治的通常逻辑和知识。除了谋求达到为本国政府采取对外政策行动提供"合法性"及"正当性"之外,这种做法是否还隐藏着更为深层的政治目的?近现代欧洲社会学提出有关"威胁"建构与社会治理之间关系的见识,为人们理解和认识这类做法提供了一个出发点。作者假定,如果说对国家安全威胁、外交危机或敌人的判断、识别和界定往往是由美国的政治家和决策者们最终做出的,那么建构国家安全"威胁"和"敌人"乃是美国战略的一种政治选择。由于叙述(不)安全文化的过程可以是一个政治过程,有关国家安全"威胁"和"敌人"的话语不一定是对客观现实的真实反映,也不一定是偶然或孤立叙述的产物。二战后美国政府所制造的一系列国家安全"威胁"和"敌人",从经验上揭示和说明了美国战略中把建构安全"威胁"作为政治选择的情形。There is a constant phenomenon in international politics that hyper-powerful states like the United States often seek and construct for themselves external (and potential) security 'threats' ,including repeatedly narrating (potential) 'competitors/rivals' and 'enemies' that they (will) encounter. Such practices of (re)structuring national security 'threats' and 'enemies' ,however,seem to be in contradiction with the conventional logics and knowledge in international politics. Besides providing 'legitimacy' and 'justification' of governments' foreign policy acts,do these practices have other hidden or untold political ends? The insights of causal relationship between the construction of 'threats' and social control highlighted by modern European sociologists offer a point of departure for the comprehension of the practices. This article assumes that if judging,recognizing and identifying national security threats,diplomatic crises,and enemies are determined in the end by the U.S. statesmen and decision-makers,the construction of national security 'threats' and 'enemies' can be a political option in U.S. strategy. As the narration of security cultures is a political process,discourses on national security 'threats' and 'enemies' are not necessarily the real reflections of objective reality,nor the products of contingent or isolated discursive representation. A series of national security 'threats' and 'enemies' produced by U.S. governments over the past decades have revealed and illustrated empirically how the construction of national security 'threats' and 'enemies' has been taken as political options in U.S. strategy.

关 键 词：“威胁”建构 美国战略 政治选择 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学]