灵长类社会行为的生态选择  

ECOLOGICAL SELECTION OF PRIMATE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

作　　者：赵其昆[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院昆明动物研究所

出　　处：《Zoological Research》1999年第2期137-145,共9页动物学研究（英文）

摘　　要：因为“乱交”和父子关系模糊，北非猕猴（Ｍａｃａｃａｓｙｌｖａｎｕｓ）的高强度雄－婴照料（ＩＭＣ）超越了性／亲选择理论的作用范围，而使行为灵长类学界陷入理论困境。我们发现藏猕猴（Ｍｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎａ）雄性交配机会是等级和年龄依赖的，因而父－子认知程度明显高于北非猕猴，但二者有相似的ＩＭＣ和贫乏生境（高纬度、高海拔和少果实），昭示了行为－生境的逻辑联系。峨眉山藏猕猴除秋季有猕猴属动物喜食的果实和竹笋供应外，其他季节不得不以树叶和青草薄壁细胞中少量的单糖为能源。有趣的是，它们的断奶（婴幼儿生存的瓶颈）期起点和交配也集中在秋季；其代价是半数婴儿要出生在隆冬时节。由此引出的冬季能耗增加（维持体温和妊娠、哺乳）与食物匮乏的矛盾，则以越冬前储能（脂肪）、越冬后期消耗身体结构材料的方式解决。这表现为成年体重在秋末升至年周期波动的峰值，冬末降至谷点；以平均值１４１（Ｆ）和１８３ｋｇ（Ｍ）为基准，则波动幅度为±１９％（Ｆ）和±７％（Ｍ）。其中，冬末高达２７倍的两性失重比给出了二者繁殖投资差异的近似测度，也昭示了雄性对雌性“雪中送炭”或ＩＭＣ发展的必要性和可能性。如此，ＩＭＣ与贫乏生境的逻辑联系获得了必要的生理学支持，“?Intensive male infant caretaking (IMC) in the Barbary macaque ( Macaca sylvanus ),which is promiscuous and highly uncertain in the paternity of infants,has theoretically embarrassed primatologists since 1980's because it is beyond the sphere of action of kin selection and sexual selection,two powerful tools for interpreting social behavior at this time.Fortunately the same kind of behavior has recently been observed in the Tibetan macaque ( M thibeta na ),in which male mating opportunity is rank and age dependent,and the paternity is higher than that in Barbary macaques.But both species have similar habitats at high latitude and altitude,and in short of fruits.The comparison of etho ecological data suggests a logical connection of the IMC with the habitat.For wild Tibetan macaques,except supplied with fruits and bamboo shoots,which are suitable for macaques,in autumn,they have to feed mainly on leaves and grass in other seasons.Interestingly,the onset of weaning (bottleneck for infant survival) and the mating are concentrated on the best season,autumn,but remaining half of births in harsh winter.The contradiction between very low nutrient intake and increased energy demand on maintaining body temperature for both sexes and on pregnancy and lactation for females in winter is solved by way of storing energy as fat before winter,and consuming intrinsic body material in late winter.This is suggested by the fluctuation of body weight in a year period:peaked in late autumn and dropped to valley point in late winter.Taking the mean of the two extremes,18 3 kg for males and 14 1 for females,as the baseline,the margin of the fluctuation is ±19% for females and ±7% for males.Of the margin,the weight loss of females is over that of males for 2 7 times,giving an approximate measurement of the difference of parental investment to offspring.The difference demonstrates the necessity and possibility of IMC,males'timely help to exhaust females,which would benefit the reproductive success of the group.Thus so far

关 键 词：广义自然选择 社会行为 生态选择 灵长类 

分 类 号：Q959.848[生物学—动物学]