“黑土型”退化草地研究工作的回顾与展望  

REVIEW AND PROSPECT OF THE STUDY ON ‘BLACK SOIL TYPE’ DETERIORATED GRASSLAND

作　　者：马玉寿[1] 郎百宁 王启基[2] 

机构地区：[1]青海省畜牧兽医科学院 [2]中科院西北高原生物研究所

出　　处：《草业科学》1999年第2期5-9,共5页Pratacultural Science

摘　　要：青藏高原是我国主要的畜牧业基地之一。青藏高原退化草地面积约为４２５１万ｈｍ２，占全区可利用草地面积的３３％，其中“黑土型”退化草地面积估计为７０３．１９万ｈｍ２，占全区退化草地面积的１６．５４％。其中，轻度退化草地可食牧草量与毒草量的比值为１．７３∶１，中度为２．４６∶１，重度为０．９８∶１，极度为０．３３∶１。不同退化程度的草地其地下活根量呈下降趋势，土壤含水量亦明显下降。退化草地土壤趋于碱性，有机质减少，速效养分增高。“黑土型”退化草地鼠类危害相当严重，青海省达日县草场高原鼠兔的平均洞口数为４１６８个／ｈｍ２，有效洞口数为１１６７个／ｈｍ２，有鼠兔３７４只／ｈｍ２。据统计，青海省达日县１９８５年“黑土型”退化草地为１６．７７万ｈｍ２，１９９４年猛增到５７．５０万ｈｍ２，平均每年以１４．７５％的速度递增，每年退化４．５０万ｈｍ２。“黑土型”退化草地面积不断扩大，使江河源头生态环境日趋恶化，威胁着人类和草食家畜的生存环境，严重阻碍着草地畜牧业的可持续发展。“黑土型”退化草地是由于放牧过度、鼠类破坏、人为影响、气候干旱等综合因素引起的。Qinghai-Xizang plateau was one of the main base of the animal husbandry in China. There were 42 510 000 hm 2 deteriorated grassland and 7 031 900 hm 2 ‘Black Soil Type’ deteriorated grassland (BSTDG) in the Plateau, which accounted for 33.00% and 16.54% of the total grassland area respectively. The proportion of forage to toxic plant is 1.73∶1, 2.46∶1, 0.98 ∶1 and 0.33∶1 on the lightly, medium, heavily and extremely heavily BSTDG, respectively. The living root, organic matter and soil water contents on the BSTDG were positively relative, but the salt and available nutrient contents were negatively relative to the deteriorated magnitude. The number of rodent, its burrow and active burrow were 374/hm 2, 4 168 /hm 2 and 1 167/hm 2 respectively in the grassland of Dari County, Qinghai Province. Dari County had 167 700 hm 2 BSTDG in 1985 and 575 000 hm 2 in 1994, which area increased by 14.75% average every year, and this trend damaged the ecological environment of the river source and the sustained development of the animal husbandry. All in all, BSTDG resulted from the overgrazing, rodent destruction, human action and climatic drought.

关 键 词：黑土型 退化草地 青藏高原 高寒草甸 草地保护 

分 类 号：S812.8[农业科学—草业科学]