第二代和第三代生物燃料发展现状及启示  

Second and Third-generation Biofuel Development at a Glance and Enlightenment

作　　者：姚国欣[1] 王建明 

机构地区：[1]中国石化信息研究所,北京100011 [2]中国石油石油化工研究院,北京100195

出　　处：《中外能源》2010年第9期23-37,共15页Sino-Global Energy

摘　　要：第二代生物乙醇以生物质为原料,包括纤维素乙醇和纤维素生物汽油两种产品。目前已建有示范装置和/或工业装置的纤维素乙醇生产技术包括硫酸/酶水解-发酵技术、硫酸水解-发酵技术、酸水解-发酵-酯化-加氢技术、酶水解-发酵技术。业内专家认为,用酶替代硫酸水解是纤维素乙醇生产的发展方向。目前已经和准备进行示范装置试验的纤维素生物汽油生产技术包括快速热解-加氢改质技术和BioForming技术。第二代生物柴油主要以动植物油脂为原料,通过催化加氢生产非脂肪酸甲酯生物柴油,它是理想的优质柴油调合组分。生产第二代生物柴油的加氢技术包括加氢脱氧、回收丙烷和其他轻烃气体、脱水、异构化和裂化、蒸馏等5个步骤,主要有NExBTL可再生柴油生产技术、Ecofining绿色柴油生产技术、Haldor Topsoe可再生柴油生产技术、EERC可再生柴油生产技术。第三代生物燃料有两种:一种是以海藻油为原料生产乙醇、丁醇、喷气燃料和柴油,海藻培养(生长)和萃取海藻油是核心步骤,目前尚处于初期阶段;另一种是以生物质原料通过气化合成生产汽油、喷气燃料和柴油,重点是开发生物质气化技术,降低生产成本。我国应借鉴国外发展第二代和第三代生物燃料的做法,把技术开发工作做深做细做透,搞清楚原料的供应情况;目前我国生物柴油主要采用酯交换法生产脂肪酸甲酯,应考虑开发和采用加氢法生产第二代生物柴油,并努力扩大除麻风果油以外的原料来源;同时应加大海藻生物燃料和生物质气化合成生物燃料的开发力度。The second-generation bio-ethanol products use biomass as feedstock and there are two types of themcellulose ethanol and cellulose bio-gasoline.Cellulose ethanol production technologies for which demonstration units and/or industrial units have been established include sulfuric acid/enzyme hydrolysis-fermentation technology,sulfuric acid hydrolysis-fermentation technology,acid hydrolysis-fermentation-esterification-hydrogenation technology and enzyme hydrolysis-fermentation technology.Some industry experts believe that substituting enzyme for sulfuric acid in hydrolysis is the trend in cellulose ethanol production.Cellulose bio-gasoline production technologies that have been or are to be applied in demonstration units include fast pyrolysis-hydro-upgrading technology and BioForming technology.The second-generation biodiesel technology principally uses animal and vegetable oil and fat as feedstock and produces non-fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel by catalytic hydrogenation.It is an ideal diesel blend.Hydrogenation technologies for producing second-generation biodiesel consist of five processes：hydrodeoxygenation,recycling of propane and other light hydrocarbon gases,dehydration,isomerization and cracking and distillation.Main such technologies include NExBTL renewable diesel production technology,Ecofining ＂green diesel＂ production technology,Haldor Topsoe renewable diesel production technology and EERC renewable diesel production technology.There are two kinds of third-generation biofuels.The first type uses alga oil as feedstock to produce ethanol,butanol,jet fuel and diesel oil.Growing alga and extracting alga oil are core steps in such technology which is still in the early stage of development.The other type of technology uses biomass as feedstock and produces gasoline,jet fuel and diesel by gasification and synthesis.The key to a wider use of this type of technology is to developing biomass gasification technology and to reducing cost of production.China should draw on foreign experience in developing

关 键 词：生物燃料 第二代和第三代 纤维素乙醇 生物柴油 海藻生物燃料 生物质气化 原料 

分 类 号：F416.2[经济管理—产业经济]