乔砧富士苹果树冠枝梢数量和分布对产量与品质的影响  

Effects of Shoot Numbers and Distribution in Canopy on Yields and Qualities of‘Fuji’Apple with Standard Rootstock

作　　者：张强[1] 魏钦平[1] 王小伟[1] 尚志华[1] 刘军[1] 刘松忠[1] 孙志鸿[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所,北京100093

出　　处：《园艺学报》2010年第8期1205-1212,共8页Acta Horticulturae Sinica

基　　金：国家苹果产业技术体系建设专项(nycytx-08-02-02);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(nyhyzx07-024)

摘　　要：以20年生改良高干开心形乔砧富士苹果树为试材,应用树冠分格方法,研究了透光和郁闭树冠内长、中、短枝(梢)的数量、比例与产量和品质的空间分布差异和枝(梢)数量、类型与比例对果实产量品质的影响。结果表明,透光和郁闭树冠枝(梢)总量分别为104×104和124×104条·hm-2,在树冠内膛、中部和外围的比例分别为41.87%、42.83%、15.30%和10.00%、36.92%、53.08%;透光树冠的折合产量为63.30t·hm-2,显著高于郁闭树冠的47.96t·hm-2,并集中分布在树冠1.0～2.5m的层次高度,透光树冠每层的果实产量均大于郁闭树冠;透光树冠的单果质量、可溶性固形物、固酸比分别比郁闭型树冠高11.84%、18.01%和68.22%。典型相关与多元回归分析获得了影响果实品质因素的主要枝(梢)类型和重要程度,长枝(梢)数量与果实单果质量、硬度呈显著正相关,短枝(梢)数量与果实可溶性固形物含量呈正相关,与可滴定酸含量呈显著负相关;线性规划得到了乔砧富士苹果优质的总枝(梢)量为96.57×104～103.68×104条·hm-2,长、中、短枝(梢)比例分别为9.41%～10.62%、14.12%～15.00%、74.57%～76.47%。The methods of canopy subarea, multiple statistical analysis and liner program were used to study difference of shoot numbers, distribution, yields and quality in sunlight and overcrowd canopy, and effect of shoot numbers, type and proportion on yields and quality factors in twenty-year old ＇ Fuji＇ apple tree with standard rootstock. The results showed that total shoot numbers of sunlight and overcrowd canopy were 104 × 10^4 and 124 × 10^4 per hectare, and proportions of shoot in inner, middle and outer of canopy were 41.87%, 42.83%, 15.30% and 10.00%, 36.92%, 53.08% in sunlight and overcrowd canopy, respectively. The yield that converted per tree into per unit area in sunlight canopy was 63.30 t · hm^-2,which significantly higher than 47.95 t · hm^-2 in overcrowd canopy, and distributed mainly at 1.0 - 2.5 m canopy height. The outputs of per layer in sunlight canopy were higher than overcrowd canopy. The mean weight per fruit, soluble solids content and soluble solids/acid were respectively higher 11.84%, 18.01% and 68.22% in sunlight canopy than overcrowd canopy. Canonical correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to obtain major shoot type and importance affecting fruit quality factors. There was a positive correlation significantly between the amounts of long shoot and per fruit weight and firmness, between amounts of spur shoot and soluble solids content, and also a negative correlation significantly between amounts of spur shoot and titratable acidity content. Linear programming was used to calculate optimum parameters of total shoot number and proportion of different shoot type for good qualities in ＇Red Fuji＇ apple trees, which total shoot number was 96.57 × 10^4 - 103.68 × 10^4 per hectare and the ratio in long, medium and spur shoots were 9.41%- 10.62%, 14.12%- 15.00%, 74.57%- 76.47%, respectively.

关 键 词：苹果 树冠 枝(梢)分布 产量 品质 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]