近50a土地利用变化对干旱区典型流域景观格局的影响——以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例  

Effects of land use change on landscape pattern of a typical arid watershed in the recent 50 years:a case study on Manas River Watershed in Xinjiang

作　　者：冯异星[1,2,3] 罗格平[1,2] 周德成[1,3] 韩其飞[1,3] 鲁蕾[1,3] 许文强[1] 朱磊[1,3] 尹昌应[1,3] 戴丽[1,3] 李艳忠[1,3] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,乌鲁木齐830011 [2]中国科学院绿洲生态与荒漠环境重点实验室,乌鲁木齐830011 [3]中国科学院研究生院,北京100039

出　　处：《生态学报》2010年第16期4295-4305,共11页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划资助项目(2009CB825105);中国科学院研究生科技创新与社会实践资助专项(2009);中国科学院"西部之光"人才培养计划资助项目(XBBS200903)

摘　　要：土地利用变化与景观格局间的相互作用机制是全球环境变化的研究焦点。大规模土地开发导致的土地利用变化及其对景观格局影响的定量评估对区域土地资源可持续利用具有重要意义。评价长时间尺度土地利用变化对干旱区典型流域景观格局的影响,以期为经济发展与生态环境保护政策的制定提供有益信息。选择的研究区新疆玛纳斯河流域是中国西北干旱区水土开发的典型代表区域。以1962年地形图,1976、1989、1999和2008年遥感影像为基础数据源,利用数学模型和景观格局指数重建土地利用和景观格局变化过程,并探讨了土地利用变化对流域景观格局的影响。结果表明:(1)近50a玛纳斯河流域土地利用变化剧烈,耕地和建设用地"涨势"显著,未利用地和林地"落势"较明显,草地和水域先"涨"后"落",土地利用变化整体处于不平衡态,单向转换频繁。(2)研究区景观破碎度和多样性增加,优势度减小,各景观类型间差异缩小,异质性程度和景观结构复杂性加大。(3)土地利用变化改变了流域景观格局,导致景观结构趋于多样化、均匀化和破碎化。最后,提出通过发展大规模集约化农业降低土地利用变化引起景观格局负面生态效应的观点。The mechanism of interaction between land use change and landscape pattern have been regarded as the research pivot in the field of global environment change.The quantitative evaluation on land use change as well as the influence of which on landscape pattern caused by land exploitation and reorganization at a large scale is significant to the sustainable utilization of local land resources.The objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of land use change on the landscape pattern of a typical watershed in the arid area at a long time scale,which could provide useful information for making decisions on economical development and environmental protection.The study area in this research,the Manas River Watershed in Xinjiang,belongs to a typical area with dramatic exploitation and use of water and land resources in the arid area of the northwestern of China.Required data consist of topographic maps in 1962 and remote sensing images taken in 1976,1989,1999 and 2008.Based on these data,we use mathematical models and index of landscape pattern to rebuild the process of changes in land use and landscape pattern,and analyze the influence of land use change on the landscape pattern.The results show that：（ 1） the land use in Manas River Watershed changed dramatically in the recent 50 years.Cropland and built-up land obviously increased with the trend and status index of 0.83 and 0.81,respectively.The unused land and woodland presented decreasing trends with the trend and status index of-0.67 and-0.51.However,the grassland and water decreased following an increase,the trend and status index of which is 0.2 and 0.45, respectively.In the study period,the comprehensive trend index is 0.55,and the land use change was overall in unbalanced status dominated by one-way transition.（ 2） The fragment and diversity of the landscape increased in the study area,and the fragment index increased from 0.2 × 10-6 in 1962 to 0.116 × 10-4 in 2008,the diversity increased from 1.2568 in 1962 to 1.4358 in 2008.Both the he

关 键 词：土地利用 景观格局 玛纳斯河流域 50a变化 干旱区 

分 类 号：Q149[生物学—生态学]