Early Evolution of Apocrita (Insecta,Hymenoptera) as Indicated by New Findings in the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou,Northeast China  

作　　者：Alexandr P. RASNITSYN ZHANG Haichun 

机构地区：[1]Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia [2]Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK [3]State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy （Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology the Chinese Academy of Sciences）, Nanjing 210008, China

出　　处：《Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)》2010年第4期834-873,共40页地质学报（英文版）

基　　金：supported by NSFC(40872015);the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-154),and,for ARP,in part by the integrative program"Origin and Evolution of the Biosphere"of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences

摘　　要：The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae-like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp-waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure： infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea （Karatavitidae ＋ Paroryssidae ＋ Orussidae）, infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea （Ephialtitidae ＋ Stephanidae）, infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamih＇es Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov, Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov, Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae-like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp-waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure： infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea （Karatavitidae ＋ Paroryssidae ＋ Orussidae）, infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea （Ephialtitidae ＋ Stephanidae）, infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamih＇es Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov, Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov, Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus

关 键 词：Apocrita origin wasp-waist origin Evanioidea fossil Hymenoptera Middle Jurassic DAOHUGOU 

分 类 号：Q915[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]