清季外官改制的“地方”困扰  

Provincial Officals' "Local Problem" in the Qing Dynasty Local Civil Service Reforms

作　　者：关晓红[1] 

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史系教授,广州510275

出　　处：《近代史研究》2010年第5期4-30,共27页Modern Chinese History Studies

基　　金：教育部哲学社科重大攻关项目(05JZD00011);全国优秀博士论文作者专项资金项目(200213)的部分研究成果;中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助

摘　　要：民国以来,学界习惯用中央与地方的观念,讨论清季新政内外官改制及其引发的矛盾纠纷,忽略了督抚反复强调元代以来行省并非"地方"的申辩,且多不愿成为立宪政体下的"地方"官吏,以及清廷所颁政令中,直省始终未成为地方行政层级的事实。时人套用外来政体的中央与地方概念观照清代的部院与直省,不仅与清朝集历代王朝体制之大成的设制用意形似而实异,且对清季改制及民初省制造成很大困扰,亦长期制约后人对中国政治制度史的认识。这种观念体制上中西新旧不相凿枘的纠葛,折射了制度兴革与历史文化复杂而深刻的联系,也给未来中国的改革设置了难题。Since the Republic of China,academics have used the concepts of central and local governments to discuss reforms of the central and local civil service systems and the conflicts aroused by the reforms during the late Qing New Policies. These discussions have overlooked a number of issues: the repeated assertions by provincial governors and governors-general since the Yuan Dynasty that provinces were not'local'at all; the unwillingness of governors and governors-general to become 'local officials'under a new constitution; and the fact that no order issued by the Qing court had ever designated provincial governments as belonging to the local level of government. People at the time just took the concepts of central and local gov- ernments in foreign political structures and mechanically applied them to the Qing Dynasty’s ministries and provinces. Not only did this approach bear only a superficial resemblance to the intent behind the Qing’s construction of their system out of the consolidation of earlier dynasties’accomplishments,it also caused great confusion in the Qing reforms and in the early Republican provincial system. Indeed,for a long time it has placed limits on later generations’understanding of the history of Chinese political systems. This tension between East and West and between New and Old in the conceptual system reflects the deep and complex connection between systemic reform and historical culture,and will pose a difficult challenge for China’s reforms in the future.

关 键 词：中央集权 地方分权 行省 督抚 地方官 

分 类 号：K257[历史地理—历史学]