现代汉语词类体系效度研究——以《现代汉语词典》(第5版)词类体系为例  

A validity study of the word class system in modern Chinese as seen from the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary(5th edition)

作　　者：王仁强[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川外语学院外国语文研究中心,重庆市400031

出　　处：《外语教学与研究》2010年第5期380-386,共7页Foreign Language Teaching and Research

基　　金：国家社科基金西部项目"对外汉语学习词典词类标注实证研究"(08XYY009);重庆市首批高等学校优秀人才支持计划的资助

摘　　要：2005年出版的《现代汉语词典》(第5版)在区分词与非词的基础上实现了全面的词类标注,本文以《现汉》(第5版)词类体系为例,采用认知语言学、语言类型学等视角,从四个维度对现代汉语词类体系的效度进行研究。研究表明,《现汉》(第5版)所采用的词类体系在数量和结构上基本合理,多数词类定义准确,能够确保各个词类范畴的典型成员实现比较准确的词类标注,也能够确保个体词条典型词类归属得到较为准确的判断。但是,该词类体系也存在一定瑕疵,折射出汉语语法本体研究的缺陷。本文建议,现代汉语词类范畴在设置上必须坚持其作为语法范畴的基本定义,名、动、形等词类的定义至少应该包括其无标记语法功能的说明,以确保词类判断程序规范、结果可靠,同时也有助于用户正确认识现代汉语的词类体系。The 5th edition of The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (CCD5 for short) published in 2005 labeled all the lexemes with word class information based on the distinction between modern Chinese words and non-words,which is a milestone in the history of CCD and is also of great significance in the standardization of modern Chinese vocabulary. This paper is intended to make a validity study of the word class system in four dimensions as seen from CCD5 from the perspectives of Cognitive Linguistics,language typology,cognitive psychology,Usage-Based Theory and lexicography. It is found that the word class system adopted in CCD5 is basically justifiable in terms of the number of word classes and its internal structure,and that most of the word classes have been accurately defined,which can ensure accurate labeling of the prototypical members of specific classes and of the prototypical parts-of-speech of individual lexemes. Nevertheless,the word class system adopted in CCD5 has certain flaws,which reflects the deficiencies in Modern Chinese grammar studies. It is thus suggested that the establishment of the word class system in modern Chinese should stick to the basic definition as grammatical categories,and that the definitions of various word classes (especially the major classes of NOUN,VERB and ADJECTIVE) in the dictionary should include at least explanations of their unmarked grammatical functions so as to ensure standard procedures of word class identification and final valid results,and to help users to have a correct understanding of the word class system of modern Chinese. Modern Chinese grammar studies should refrain not only from taking the so-called 'Indo-European perspective' but also from 'considering the Chinese language alone without referring to other languages'.

关 键 词：现代汉语 词类体系 效度 《现代汉语词典》(第5版) 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]