试验站和农户管理水平下冬小麦水分利用效率比较  

Comparison of Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat between Experimental Station and Farm Management Levels

作　　者：马文军[1,2,3] 程琴娟[4] 宇振荣[3] 

机构地区：[1]长安大学杂志社,西安710064 [2]长安大学国土资源部干旱半干旱地区水资源与国土环境开放研究实验室,西安710054 [3]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [4]陕西师范大学学报编辑部,西安710062

出　　处：《资源科学》2010年第10期1896-1901,共6页Resources Science

基　　金：国家高技术研究发展计划(编号:2006AA100207);国家重点基础研究发展计划(编号:2005CB121103);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(编号:CHD2009JC142);陕西省科学技术研究发展计划(编号:2009KRM028)

摘　　要：华北平原水资源缺乏与粮食需求增多之间的矛盾日益尖锐,提高作物水分利用效率是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径之一。基于试验站试验数据和农户调查数据,对比分析了试验站和农户管理水平下华北平原冬小麦水分利用效率的差异;结合农户田块试验数据,验证了试验站管理水平下关键期淡水灌溉模式在农户田块推广的可行性。结果表明:试验站管理水平下冬小麦水分利用效率为14.30kg(/hm2·mm);农户管理水平下,88.96%农户田块面积的冬小麦水分利用效率低于试验站管理水平,主要原因是研究人员与农户种植目的不同、知识水平差距较大以及家庭联产承包责任制对农户种植积极性的制约等;农户之间作物水分利用效率差异明显,可能是农户田块土壤肥力、田块大小以及灌溉水质有一定差异等导致;试验站管理水平下关键期淡水灌溉模式适合在农户的田块进行推广,不仅能保证作物高产,而且可以提高作物水分利用效率。Improving water use efficiency （WUE） is one of the important ways to alleviate acute conflicts between water resources scarcity and food demand increase in the North China Plain. Based on experimental data at experimental stations and farm survey, differences in WUE for winter wheat between experimental stations and farm management levels were investigated in detail. Combined with experimental data at the farm management level, the feasibility of popularizing the economical fresh water-based irrigation mode at the experimental station management level to farmers’ fields was discussed. Data at the stations were collected from the experiment which aimed at examining the effects of water irrigation on yield of winter wheat in the Quzhou Experimental Station operated by China Agricultural University from 1997 to 2005. Three treatments, i.e., fully irrigated with fresh water, economically irrigated with fresh water, and no irrigation, were designed. Data were collected from a farm survey, in which the effects of planting behavior on yield of winter wheat at 321 farms in Quzhou County from 2003 to 2006 were examined. Two farms were randomly selected to perform the experiment from 2005 to 2006 in Xinyuan, 3 km away from the Quzhou Experimental Station. Three treatments, i.e., farmer independent irrigation, expert suggested irrigation, and no irrigation, were designed. Total water use （TWU） was estimated by the water balance equation. The ratio of irrigation to TWU was first developed to appraise the importance of irrigation for winter wheat at the farm management level. Results showed that the WUE at the experimental station management level was 14.30 kg/（hm2 mm）, which was the same as the economical fresh water-based irrigation mode. The WUE of winter wheat for 88.96% of farmers’ fields at the farm management level was generally lower than that at the experimental station management level. This could be ascribed to different planting aims and a large knowledge gap between the researcher and farmer, with

关 键 词：华北平原 水分利用效率 灌溉 产量 冬小麦 农户 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]