开发热带雨林：瓜拉尼人的智慧与现代人的偏见  

Development of Tropical Rain Farest:Guarni's Wisdom and Modern People's Prejudice

作　　者：理查德·K芮德(Richard K．Reed) 贾仲益[1] 

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院,北京100081

出　　处：《原生态民族文化学刊》2010年第3期25-32,共8页Journal of Ethnic Culture

摘　　要：工业社会中的绝大多数人总是把包括"刀耕火种"在内的"游耕"类型归属于落后的生产方式。他们认定"刀耕火种"是一种严重浪费资源,损害生态环境的谋生方式。理由是以此谋生的"农夫"必须耗费巨大的劳动力去砍伐和焚烧密林,以便在灰烬上栽培农作物;开辟出来的耕地又难以平整,使之有利于连续耕作,同时又得考虑到恢复地力的必要性等等,因而这样的耕地耕种一年之后都得休耕多年,这样一来就会造成大量的土地闲置和浪费。然而,这样去评价"游耕"类型种植有违事实,并且会把复杂的问题过于简单化。在本文中,原作者理查德.芮德以巴拉圭热带雨林中一支印第安人——瓜拉尼人(the Guarani Indians)的生计方式为个案,向我们证明:印第安人的"刀耕火种"种植是一种采集与狩猎有机结合的资源利用方式,这种复合型的谋生手段能够充分利用热带雨林中的各种各类资源,同时还能为现代意义的热带雨林管理提供经验和借鉴,从而匡正了"现代人"的上述偏见。To most industrialized peoples,the practice of slash-and-burn agriculture seems especially wasteful.The horticulturalists who manifest such practices must often laboriously cut and burn thick forest cover,then plant in the ashes.Because clearing is difficult and fields are left fallow for many years to recover from agricultural use,most land lies dormant.For people used to thinking of agriculture as a source of income,horticultural practices seem to epitomize ＂underdevelopment.＂ In this article,Richard Reed challenges this simplistic notion.Describing the subsistence practices of the Guarani Indians living in the tropical forests of Paraguay,he shows that Indian slash-and-burn agriculture combined with foraging for wild game and plants represents the optimal use of the forest and a model for modern forest management programs.

关 键 词：热带雨林开发 刀耕火种 爪拉尼人 

分 类 号：Q988[生物学—生态学]