当前生产条件下不同作物施肥效果和肥料贡献率研究  

Study on Fertilization Effect and Fertilizer Contribution Rate of Different Crops at Present Production Conditions

作　　者：王伟妮[1] 鲁剑巍[1] 李银水[1] 邹娟[1] 苏伟[1] 李小坤[1] 李云春[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院,武汉430070

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2010年第19期3997-4007,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家"十一五"科技支撑计划重点项目(2008BADA4B08);教育部新世纪人才项目(NCET-07-0345);油菜产业技术体系建设(nycytx-005)

摘　　要：【目的】研究在当前生产条件下化肥施用对不同作物产量的影响,明确化肥对不同作物产量的贡献率及肥料的农学利用率现状。【方法】2006年至2008年在湖北省分别布置水稻、小麦、油菜和棉花的田间肥效试验251、47、62和26个,分析研究氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对农作物的增产效果,以及目前不同作物的肥料贡献率和肥料农学利用率现状。【结果】目前农作物平衡施用氮、磷、钾肥的增产效果显著,但不同作物的施肥效应差异较大。与不施肥相比,水稻、小麦、油菜和棉花平衡施用氮、磷、钾肥分别平均增产2269、2200、1438和1617kg·hm-2,增产率分别为46.7%、109.8%、173.7%和68.6%;相对应的肥料对产量的贡献率分别为29.6%、48.6%、56.2%和38.0%,肥料农学利用率分别为7.2、7.7、4.0和3.0kg·kg-1。【结论】现代作物产量的提高和维持必须依赖肥料的施用,并且应该根据不同作物的施肥效应合理配置肥料资源,同时在保证农作物高产的前提下,提高肥料的利用效率。Objective The purpose of the research was to study the effect of fertilization on rice,wheat,rapeseed and cotton yields,and to investigate the fertilizer contribution rate（FCR） and agronomic efficiency（AE） in different crops at present conditions.Method Field experiments of rice,wheat,rapeseed and cotton were,respectively,conducted at 251,47,62 and 26 sites in 21 counties of Hubei Province during 2006-2008.Result The results indicated that combined application of N,P and K（NPK） increased the yields of four crops significantly.The average yields of NPK treatment of rice,wheat,rapeseed and cotton were 7 697,4 520,2 597 and 4 220 kg·hm-2,which were 46.7%,109.8%,173.7%,and 68.6% higher than those of CK treatment,respectively.The FCR to rice,wheat,rapeseed and cotton yields were 29.6%,48.6%,56.2% and 38.0%,corresponding to 7.2,7.7,4.0 and 3.0 kg·kg-1 of AE,respectively.Conclusion The combination of N,P and K fertilizers significantly increased crop yields,and the responses of different crops to fertilizer were different.In addition,compared with the past,chemical fertilizer plays much more important role in agricultural production at present.

关 键 词：农作物 施肥 产量 肥料贡献率 肥料农学利用率 

分 类 号：S147.2[农业科学—肥料学]