利奥十三《政教关系通谕》与19世纪法国宗教政治  

Leo XIII's Immortale Dei and French Religious Politics in the Nineteenth Century

作　　者：彭小瑜[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系,北京100871

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2010年第6期99-109,共11页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：在我们理解的西方文化里,启蒙运动对宗教的质疑以及法国大革命以后不断出现的对教会的打击,都因为社会和政治的原因而被解读为具有合理性和历史进步意义的。在法国特定的历史语境里,出现宗教批判、甚至宗教迫害,在一定程度上都可以追溯其原因到教会与"旧制度"的密切联系以及教会在较长时期内采纳的保守政治立场。教宗利奥十三意识到教会的这一问题,开始呼吁教徒接受共和民主制度。与此同时,他也尖锐批评了大革命以后法国政治中的极权主义倾向以及空前膨胀的国家权威,特别是法国共和政府一系列限制教会在教育和其他公共领域活动的政策。利奥以及后来的学者都注意到,与美国的情况相反,法国的共和民主政治中确有国家权力过度介入文化和宗教的问题。由观察这段历史可以得出的一个结论是,虽然启蒙运动人士以及法国共和民主人士对宗教的批判具有特定的历史缘由,将现代社会与宗教信仰对立起来的倾向却是他们留给后人的一个值得质疑的思想遗产,不宜被当作一个通用公式来接受。In our understanding of the Western civilization, we historians in China often consider the religious indifference of the Enlightenment and the religious persecution of the French Revolution as legitimate and progressive, because we believe that there were social and political factors justifying them. Negative attitude in then French society towards the Catholic Church was formed as a result of its close association with the ancient regime and its conservative political posture during and after the Revolution. Pope Leo XIII realized that the Church had to adapt itself to modern society and thus encouraged the faithful believers to accept republican governments. He nevertheless expressed deep concern over the totalitarian elements in democratic regimes that tended to absorb the whole society into the state, as evidenced by the policy of secularization promoted by the French government in education and in other aspects of social life. In sharp contrast to the situation in the United States, the French democracy excessively intervened in religious affairs and did not allow religious freedom in its genuine sense. French revolutionaries might have particular reasons to criticize the Church in their endeavor to modernize their country. Their proposition that Catholic faith was opposed to modernity ought not to be accepted as a universally applicable paradigm. On the contrary, it ought to be considered morally questionable.

关 键 词：法国大革命 雅各宾派 天主教会 政教关系 

分 类 号：K565.41[历史地理—历史学]