无奈的选择：中苏同盟建立的曲折历程(1944-1950)  

The Least Bad Choice:The Tortuous Course of Establishing the Sino-Soviet Alliance,1944—1950

作　　者：沈志华[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心 [2]俄罗斯研究中心,兼职研究员上海200062

出　　处：《近代史研究》2010年第6期35-52,共18页Modern Chinese History Studies

基　　金：上海重点学科建设项目资助(B406)

摘　　要：中苏结盟是一个曲折复杂的历史过程:由于缺乏信任,1944年中共和苏联都没有把对方作为战后合作伙伴的首选;1945年毛泽东在党内宣布苏联是中共的朋友,却遭到斯大林的白眼;1946—1948年苏共谨慎地援助中共建立起革命政权,但只限于中国北方地区;经过激烈的争论,并在毛泽东表示政治上的顺从后,斯大林决定支持中共夺取全国政权;斯大林在中苏民族利益的冲突中被迫做出重大让步,从而对毛泽东的忠诚和中苏同盟的可靠性产生怀疑;毛泽东在极端困难和矛盾的情况下,毅然决定出兵朝鲜单独对抗美国,避免了中苏同盟条约被束之高阁的命运。总之,中苏同盟并非出于意识形态的要求,尽管这是必不可少的条件;从中苏结盟的过程看,这种无奈的选择从一开始就埋下了同盟破裂的隐患。The history of the Sino-Soviet Alliance ran a tortuous course.Because of a lack of trust neither the Chinese Communist Party nor the Soviet Union saw the other as their principal postwar partner in 1944.In 1945 Mao Zedong declared to Party members that the Soviet Union was a friend of the CCP,but was treated by Stalin with disdain.From 1946 to 1948 the Soviet Communist Party gave the CCP cautious support to establish a revolutionary government,but it was restricted only to northern areas.After severe disputes,and after Mao Zedong politically submitted to the Soviet Union,Stalin decided to back the CCP in capturing political power throughout China.Stalin was forced to make great concessions over conflicts between Chinese and Soviet national interests,and this led him to doubt Mao Zedong's loyalty and the reliability of the Sino-Soviet alliance. In an extremely difficult and conflicted situation,Mao Zedong resolutely decided to unilaterally send troops to Korea to fight against the USA,thus preventing the Sino-Soviet Alliance treaty from being put on the shelf. In conclusion,the Sino-Soviet alliance was not determined by ideology,though ideology was a necessary condition for the alliance.Looking at the entire course of the Sino-Soviet alliance,we can see that from its inception this least bad choice contained the seeds of its own eventual collapse.

关 键 词：中国内战 中苏同盟 朝鲜战争 中苏关系 

分 类 号：K266[历史地理—历史学] K27[历史地理—中国史]