苹果树冠不同部位叶片结构、内含物和模拟光合能力的比较  

Comparisons of anatomical structure, component and photosynthetic capacity of leaves at different apple canopy positions

作　　者：高照全[1] 冯社章[1] 李天红[2] 张显川[3] 

机构地区：[1]北京农业职业学院,北京102442 [2]中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院北京市果树逆境生理与分子生物学实验室,北京100193 [3]北京日川河果树研究开发中心,北京102200

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2010年第6期1245-1250,共6页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(30871696);“十一五”国家科技支撑计划项目(2007BAD36B02);北京市科委项目(Z080005032508015);甘肃省发改委项目(ZT06-01)资助

摘　　要：以富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.‘Fuji’)树冠不同部位叶片为试材,对其解剖结构、内含物和光合能力进行了比较研究。苹果叶片光合速率对小气候因子的响应是根据C3植物光合机理模型模拟,其中气孔导度由气孔的半机理模型模拟。结果表明,树冠中、上部叶片比下部叶片分别厚31.8%和37.0%,栅栏组织分别厚44.8%和62.7%;中、上部叶片的叶绿素含量比下部叶分别高18.0%和20.6%,可溶性糖分别高25.2%和38.8%,脯氨酸分别高11.7%和29.0%。树冠不同部位叶片光合能力差异和叶片结构及叶绿素等内含物差异一致。苹果叶片净光合速率的变化主要由光合有效辐射的变化引起,同时对CO2浓度的变化也非常敏感。模拟显示,从树冠上部到下部,叶片净光合总量晴天从约400mmol·m-2·d-1减少到130mmol·m-2·d-1,减少67%,阴天从约170mmol·m-2·d-1减少到22mmol·m-2·d-1,减少87%,叶片的最大光合速率相应减少67%。The work studied the differences in anatomical structure, component and photosynthetic capacity of leaves at different canopy positions of apple （Malus domestica Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji’） trees. Response of photosynthetic rate （Pn） of apple leaves to micro-climatic factors was simulated by C3 photosynthetic mechanism models. And the stomatal conductance was developed by using semi-mechanistic stomatal models. The results indicate that leaf thickness in the middle and upper canopy increases by 31.8% and 37.0% respectively compared to that in the lower canopy. Palisade thickness also increases by 44.8% and 62.7% respectively. Chlorophyll content in the middle and upper canopy increases by 18.0% and 20.6%, soluble sugar increases by 25.2% and 38.8% and proline increases by 11.7% and 29.0% respectively. Difference in photosynthetic capacity of leaves in different canopy position is similar to that in anatomical structure, component of leaves. Fluctuation in Pn of apple leaves is mainly caused by changes of photosynthetically active radiation, and highly sensitive to variations in carbon dioxide （CO2） concentration at the leaf surface. From upper to lower canopy, daily Pn decreases by 67% （from 400 mmol·m-2·d-1 to 130 mmol·m-2·d-1 ） on clear-sky days and by 87% （from 170 mmol·m-2·d-1 to 22 mmol·m-2·d-1） on cloudy days. Maximal photosynthetic rate also decreases by an average of 67%.

关 键 词：苹果 树冠部位 叶片解剖结构 光合能力 叶片内含物 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]