北方旱寒区北移冬油菜生长发育特性  

Growth and Development Characteristics of Winter Rapeseed Northern-Extended from the Cold and Arid Regions in China

作　　者：孙万仓 武军艳 方彦 刘秦 杨仁义[4] 马维国[5] 李学才 张俊杰 张鹏飞 曹建明 孙佳 

机构地区：[1]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,甘肃兰州730070 [2]甘肃张掖市农业科学研究所,甘肃张掖734000 [3]甘肃酒泉市农业科学研究所,甘肃酒泉735000 [4]甘肃畜牧工程职业技术学院,甘肃武威733006 [5]甘肃天水市农业科学研究所,甘肃天水741000

出　　处：《作物学报》2010年第12期2124-2134,共11页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：农业部公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(200903002-04);国家科技支撑计划项目(2007BAD52B08);科技部农业科技成果转化项目(2008GB2G100322);国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2009AA101105);国家自然科学基金项目(30960199)资助

摘　　要：采用多点试验,对冬油菜在原种植区（天水）与北移种植区（张掖等）的主要气候因子、越冬率、生育时期及经济性状进行分析比较。研究结果表明,冬油菜北移后越冬率由原种植区的93.0%-100.0%降为40.0%-95.0%;生育期由280-284 d延至287-289 d,其冬前与冬后生长期缩短,而越冬期延长1倍左右,即140 d左右,整个生长期呈＂短-长-短＂的特点,即营养生长有效期缩短及营养生长至生殖生长的过渡期均缩短;株高与分枝部位降低,分枝数减少,单株角果数减少,但千粒重、角粒数等相对增加。冬油菜北移后产量发生了较大变化,抗寒性弱的早熟品种天油8号由原种植区的2 518.8 kg hm^-2降为1 666.5 kg hm^-2,减产34.0%,而抗寒性强的晚熟品种陇油6号等由原种植区的741 kg hm^-2增加到3 333 kg hm^-2,增幅349.5%。由于生长在相对恶劣的气候生态条件下,越冬期漫长而极端低温低,北移冬油菜栽培品种必须具备优异的抗寒性,同时采用合理播期和密度,保证冬前营养生长期和营养生长量,以确保安全越冬。The impact of climate changes on crops widely attracts people,s attention,respectively in the cold and arid regions in northern China,so it is necessary to develop a technique for rapeseed production adapting to the warmed climate.Nine cultivars with different levels of resistance to cold were performed in the original growing（Tianshui） region and northern-extending region（Zhangye）.Data related to growth and development were determined during growth stages.The results showed that the over-wintering rate of winter rapeseed reduced from 93.0%-100.0%（the original region） to 40.0%-95.0%（the northern-extending region）;the growing period delayed from 280-284 days to 287-289 days.The vegetative growth period before wilt leaf stage and the transition stage from vegetative growth to reproductive growth were shortened greatly,while the duration from wilt leaf stage to regreen stage was longer,showing a ＂short-long-short＂ growth pattern in northern-extended winter rapeseed.So the plant height and branch length were shortened,and the dry matter weight of northern-extended winter rapeseed was also decreased.The 1000-grain weight and the seeds pee riliqua were higher at Zhangye than at Tianshui.The yield of Tianyou 8 with strong winter resistance decreased from the original regions,2 518.8 kg ha^-1 to 1 666.5 kg ha-1;but that of the ultrastrong cultivar Longyou 6 increased from 741 kg ha^-1 to 3 333 kg ha^-1.Because winter rapeseed in the northern-extending region grows under poor climatic conditions,ultra winter-hardy rape cultivars,reasonable sowing date and planting density should be necessary to ensure the high over-winter rate.

关 键 词：冬油菜北移 生长发育特性 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]