农田水氮关系及其协同管理  

Opinions on water-nitrogen relations and their synergic management

作　　者：王小彬[1,2] 代快[1] 赵全胜[1] 武雪萍[1,2] 张丁辰[1] 冯宗会[1] 贾树龙[3] 杨云马[3] 蔡典雄[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,农业部植物营养与养分循环重点开放实验室,北京100081 [2]农业部旱作节水重点开放实验室,北京100081 [3]河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所,河北石家庄050011

出　　处：《生态学报》2010年第24期7001-7015,共15页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展“973”计划项目(2007CB109305);国家“863”计划项目(2006AA100220/2006AA100206);科技部国际合作项目(2006DFB32180)资助

摘　　要：作物施氮反应及其氮肥利用率不仅取决于氮肥管理,还与水资源管理有关,并且受到地区气候因素的影响。针对中国灌溉农区氮肥环境污染问题日益突出,协调农田水氮管理,如通过改善水资源管理,发挥水氮协同效应,以提高水分利用效率来改善氮肥利用率,实现水氮利用率双赢,是当前农业水氮管理中亟待探讨和回答的问题。通过对农田水氮协同相关研究文献资料的综述,以华北平原集约种植体系水氮管理为例,根据历年统计数据,分析了该区年水热条件下粮食产量与水、氮及水氮利用效率之间的关系。研究表明,水和氮与作物产量在一定范围表现为水氮的协同效应。水分利用效率一般随灌溉水量减少及氮肥用量增加而提高;氮肥利用效率随氮用量增加而下降。适量节水和减氮分别有助水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率的改善。在气候变暖、变干条件下,适量施氮成为改善水氮利用效率的关键对策。Crop response to nitrogen（N） fertilization and N use efficiency（NUE） depend not only on N management,but also on water resource management and local climate.To the increasing environmental pollution induced by over-use of N in the irrigated areas,regulation of water-N management for achieving a win-win situation that will improve water use efficiency（WUE） and NUE has been still very concerned.Through literature reviews concerning water-N relations and their synergic management,as well as statistic data analysis with emphasis on an intensive wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain,the relationships between grain yields,water and N,as well as their use efficiencies under the regional climate conditions have been discussed.In the last 20 years,the research on water-N management in China has been involved in rainfed farming areas,and further in water-saving irrigated farming areas.The recent research focused mainly and continuously on the improvement of crop yields and WUE in dryland farming,and also on N-related environmental problems associated with N over-use in the irrigated areas.Currently,in the intensive double-crop（wheat and maize） rotation systems in the North China Plain,a large amount of N surplus in soils and low response of crop yields to N fertilization in the most crop fields have been continuously exposed with annually over-N fertilizer inputs（as reported above 500—600 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）.The low response of crop yields to irrigation water in some crop fields has been also observed due to over-irrigation.This implies that there is still a big scope for improvement of WUE and NUE by using water-saving and N-reducing practices in the irrigated areas.For instance,with recommended fertilization practices the NUE by wheat and maize could be up to 50% and 34%,respectively,as compared those with conventional practices（14% and 20%,respectively）.According to China statistics（1988—2007） in the regions of North China Plain,the changes in grain yields per ha showed signif

关 键 词：氮肥利用率 水氮协同 水氮管理 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S274[农业科学—农业水土工程] S14[农业科学—农业工程]