论民生的经济学性质  

The Economics Nature of Livelihood

作　　者：金碚[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院工业经济研究所,北京100836

出　　处：《中国工业经济》2011年第1期5-14,119,共11页China Industrial Economics

摘　　要：经济活动归根结底是为了改善民生,非民生的经济活动是人类行为的异化。物质财富的创造和增长是一切民生成就和民生改善的基础和前提。而如果承认分配均等的民生价值,那么,在社会总收入或总产出一定的条件下,分配越平均社会总效用就越大。在国力所及的条件下,优先满足最基本的民生需要和权利,是一国民生成就和民生改善的重要标志之一。各经济体主要采用企业、非营利组织和政府等三类组织形式进行民生产品的生产,这三类组织各有所长所短,不同功能互补,各自扬长避短,满足多种要求。无论由哪类组织提供民生产品,都没有"免费的午餐"。而在怎样的条件下,民众需要的选择必须由政府决策(选择)来替代,以及政府决策替代民众自由选择会付出怎样的成本,是一个重要的选择问题,在这一问题上同样遵循"没有免费的午餐"的基本原理。当一国建立了基本的民生物质基础后,民生需要的满足将在越来越大的程度上具有精神因素参与决定的特征。也就是说,幸福或民生效率(成本—效用关系)不仅是一个物质关系,更是一个社会心理关系和社会价值观现象。因此,民生的价值是演化的,民生产品的供需关系以及民生满足(幸福感)的物质成本是显著变化的。真正伟大的民生改善不只是办一些眼前的惠民"好事",而是建立和健全能够持续而广泛地改善民生并获得民众支持的经济机制以及与之相适应的社会和政治体制。The purpose of economics activity is to improve livelihood,economic activity of non-livelihood is alienation of mankind.The creation and growth of material wealth is a foundation and premise for improving livelihood.If we accept the principle of livelihood value of distribution equality,the more equality of distribution means greater amount of social efficiency under the certain circumstances of general social income or total output.Giving priority to satisfy the basic needs of livelihood and rights is an important symbol of livelihood achievement and improvement under the circumstance of the state capacity.Economic sectors,such as business,non-profit organization and government are the three organization styles to produce livelihood products,those three organizations have advantages and disadvantages,mutual functions can not be replaced in order to satisfy multiple needs.No matter who provides public goods,there is no ＂free lunch＂.An important question is when public choices will have to be replaced by government decisions（choices） and how much will the associated cost be.The fundamental principles of ＂no free lunch＂ will be followed.When a country has put into place a material livelihood and welfare system,the satisfaction of welfare needs will increasingly depend on non-material inputs.Happiness or welfare efficiency（cost-utility） is not only a material relationship.It has more to do with social psyche and values.Hence,the value of public welfare is an evolutionary process,with significant changes taking place in the supply and demand of welfare goods and the material cost to satisfy public welfare（sense of happiness）.Real improvement in public welfare is more than good deeds for immediate public needs.It entails the economic mechanism and compatible social and political systems for continuous and extensive improvement of public welfare and access to public support.

关 键 词：民生 社会福利 经济增长 收入均等 普遍供应 社会价值观 

分 类 号：F124.7[经济管理—世界经济]