生态保护项目对大熊猫栖息地的影响  

The impact of conservation projects on iant Panda Habitat

作　　者：张玉波[1] 王梦君[1] 李俊清[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室,北京100083

出　　处：《生态学报》2011年第1期154-163,共10页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家"十一五"科技支撑:自然保护区濒危物种保护技术研究(2008BADB0B04)

摘　　要：由于森林砍伐、道路建设、农地扩展等人类活动的干扰,我国特有濒危物种大熊猫的栖息地受到了严重威胁,特别是保护区范围之外的大熊猫栖息地。以平武县木皮藏族乡为例,综合利用遥感图像解析、GIS空间分析以及地面调查的方法,研究了1999-2009年期间大熊猫栖息地的变化情况。Landsat TM卫星图像的解译结果表明,2009年的针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林的面积分别比1999年增加了10.87%、4.40%和40.24%,灌木林和草地/耕地的面积则下降了10.74%和33.24%。植被转化矩阵表明这一时期各个植被类型间的变化趋势是农田/草地→灌木林→阔叶林→针阔混交林→针叶林。随着天然林保护和退耕还林工程的实施,当地商业采伐活动全部停止,伐区运输木材的公路减少了12.7km(74.71%),退耕还林对当地剩余劳动力产生的挤出作用使得高山居民点的居民向山下转移。基于社区的保护项目帮助农户装备了沼气池等节柴设施,薪柴消耗量由1999年的5675kg/户减少到2009年的2736kg/户,但高山居民点的节柴设施的装备率与沟谷居民点相比差异显著。随着各个干扰因子的强度和范围下降,当地植被向着有利于大熊猫利用的方向演替,大熊猫栖息地面积和质量均发生了改善。表征栖息地质量的栖息地指数HSI由0.74上升到0.80,增长了7.88%。"最适宜"栖息地面积由1999年的4671.63hm2上升到2009年的6020.28hm2,增加了28.87%。栖息地景观多样性指数由1999年的1.29下降为2009年的1.18,景观破碎化程度降低。但是不同适宜度栖息地的变化情况有所不同,"最适宜"栖息地的斑块数量减少,平均斑块面积增大,其他适宜性较低的栖息地斑块增加、平均斑块面积减小,10a间木皮乡的大熊猫栖息地中的低质量部分向高质量转化。研究结果表明大熊猫栖息地的恢复是消除或减少各种干扰的过程。天保工程消除了大规模商业砍伐这一�Deforestation,road construction and agricultural expansion threaten the giant panda（Ailuropoda melanoleuca） habitat,especially those outside the nature reserves.We explored the impact of conservation programs on giant panda habitat by comparing the two satellite images（Landsat TM,30m in resolution） from 1999 to 2009 in Mupi Tibetan Town,Pingwu County,Sichuan Province based on remote sensing,GIS,and field investigations.The result showed that the area of coniferous forest,mixed coniferous broadleaved forest,and broadleaved forest increased 10.87%,4.40% and 40.24%,respectively,whereas the areas of shrub and grass/crop land decreased 10.74% and 33.24% respectively.The matrix of vegetation types changes revealed that the vegetation developed from grass/crop land → shrub → deciduous forest → mixed forest → conifer forest.Since Natural Forest Protection Program（NFPP） started from 1999,commercial logging was forbidden,and 12.7 km（74.71%） logging road was abandoned.Since the implementation of Grain to Green Program（GTGP）,54.12% household and 69.84% people living in high mountains area emigrated.The household fuelwood consumption declined from 5675kg in 1999 to 2736kg in 2009 since the equipment of biogas generators and other fuelwood saving facilities provided by the Integrated Conservation and Development Projects（ICDPs）.The vegetation restored to be more suitable for giant panda.Although the habitat in the MTT was still fragmented by the Jiu-Loop-Line into two parts,the ＂most suitable＂ habitat area increased 28.87%（from 4671.63hm2 to 6020.28hm2）,and the habitat suitability index increased 16.85%（from 0.74 in 1999 to 0.80 in 2009）,which indicated that the habitat recovered from low quality habitat to high quality habitat during the past decade.Habitat landscape diversity index declined from 1.29 to 1.18 during the period of 1999 to 2009,which means habitat fragmented slowly.The result of this paper demonstrated that giant panda habitat restoration is a process that eliminating

关 键 词：生态保护项目 大熊猫栖息地 遥感 地理信息系统 

分 类 号：S863[农业科学—野生动物驯养] Q958[农业科学—畜牧兽医]