种植果树对土壤物理性状的双重效应  

Dual effect of fruit tree cultivation on soil physical characteristics

作　　者：孙蕾[1] 王益权[1] 张育林[1] 李建波[1] 胡海燕[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2011年第1期19-23,共5页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：陕西省农业厅项目"陕西苹果土壤与施肥标准化管理技术研究"资助

摘　　要：在渭北果区选择不同园龄（〈10年、10~20年、〉20年）果园,分层测定0~60cm土层土壤容重、土壤坚实度、土壤含水量以及表层土壤团聚体组成等物理性状,进一步分析了果园土壤物理性状随园龄的变化特征。结果表明：土壤容重在0~30cm土层随园龄增长而降低;在30cm以下土层随园龄增长而增加,超过了健康园艺土壤的质量标准1.30g·cm-3;与休闲农田相比,种植果树可降低10~30cm土层土壤容重;但30cm以下土层土壤坚实度急剧增大,接近或达到了限制根系延伸的土壤质量标准1000kPa;与休闲农田相比,种植果树对于降低17.5~27.5cm土层的坚实度具有明显作用。果园表层土壤团聚体状况整体较差,水稳性优势团聚体直径为0.5~0.25mm,〉0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量随园龄增加而增大,〉20年果园比〈10年果园高1倍。种植果树对表层土壤具有明显的保护和改善作用,却在深层发生着紧实化和坚硬化过程。果树对土壤物理状况的双重效应体现在对0~30cm土层土壤结构具有改善作用,对30cm以下土层土壤结构有破坏作用。果园土壤＂深层的隐蔽性退化过程＂影响着果树根系健康生长,应当给予极大关注。Soil bulk density, hardness, moisture and surface soil aggregation composition were measured in 10-, 10~20and 20-year-old orchards in Weibei Region. The results showed that soil bulk density in the 0~30 cm soil layer decreased with increasing orchard age. However, bulk density below the 30 cm layer increased with increasing orchard age, exceeding the 1.30 g？cm？3 upper limit for healthy garden soils. Soil bulk density in the 10~30 cm soil layer was lower in orchards than in croplands. Soil hardness increased sharply below the 30 cm soil layer, almost reaching the 1 000 kPa upper limit of soil quality standard for healthy root growth. Soil hardness in the 17.5~27.5 cm soil layer is lower in orchards than in croplands. Soil aggregation status was poor in surface soil of orchards. Most water-stable aggregates in the orchard soils were in 0.5~0.25 mm range class. Contents of water-stable soil aggregates 0.25 mm increased with increasing age of orchards. Water-stable soil aggregates contents in 20-year-old orchards were two times higher than those in 10-year-old orchards. Fruit trees have a dual effect on soil physical characteristics. Soil physical conditions was generally improved in topsoil （0~30 cm）, but worsen in subsoil （30 cm） with increasing orchard age. As latent degradation of subsoil in orchards affected the healthy growth of fruit trees, any such degradation should be carefully monitored.

关 键 词：果园 土壤容重 土壤团聚体 土壤坚实度 双重效应 土壤隐蔽性退化 种植年限 

分 类 号：S151.9[农业科学—土壤学]