德、英、美等国学者对马克思上层建筑理论的误解  

German,British and American Scholars' Misunderstanding of Marx's Superstructure Theory

作　　者：胡为雄[1] 

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校哲学部,北京100091

出　　处：《教学与研究》2011年第1期18-26,共9页Teaching and Research

摘　　要：德、英、美等国的学者未系统研究马克思的上层建筑概念,未全面把握马克思的上层建筑这个比喻性概念的丰富内涵,它包括思想、观念,政治结构、政治权力及政治行为,信用与虚拟资本等喻义。这些学者也未弄清上层建筑概念曾发生从思想观念到政治结构等的转移变化。德国学者中,柯尔希纳等对上层建筑所下的定义有失精确,哈贝马斯甚至认为在国家干预经济的资本主义时代,马克思的经济基础和上层建筑理论再不适用于社会和国家的分析。英国学者莱尔因认为存在"反映论的发展与基础-上层建筑的比喻缠结在一起"的难题。美国学者麦克莫策认为马克思的经济基础、上层建筑划分模糊不清,杰姆逊则认为马克思对基础和上层建筑经典式的区分随着社会的发展而变得不能令人满意。这些学者中有人根据社会的发展和社会经济、政治的新变化过程中出现的许多复杂情况来否定马克思的上层建筑理论,企图重构历史唯物主义,不仅没有建树反而混淆了问题。由于上层建筑是一比喻性概念,它引起人们的误解和争论在所难免。The author points out that the German,British and American scholars have not systematically studied Marx＇s concept of superstructure and thus are unable to grasp the rich connotation of this metaphoric concept.They do not know that superstructure actually covers metaphors of ideas,concepts,political structure,political power and political behaviors,credit and virtual capital and so on.Nor are they aware that the concept of superstructure has undergone a transition from ideas to political structure.Among German scholars,Kirchner fails to clearly define superstructure,Habermas even considers that it is no longer suitable to refer to Marx＇s theory of economic base and superstructure to analyze the society and the state in the era of capitalism when the state interferes into economy.Larrain,a British scholar,holds that there exists the problem of ＂the development of the reflection theory mingling with the metaphor of base-superstructure＂.McMurtry,an American scholar,considers that Marx＇s division of economic base and superstructure is obscure,and Jameson holds that Marx＇s definition of a classical model of base-superstructure does not live up to the needs of social development.Some of them attempt to deny Marx＇s theory by referring to the complicated situations in the process of social development and social,economic and political changes with an intention of restructuring historical materialism.However,they have not only failed to reach new accomplishment,but have also given rise to misleading ideas.The author points out that as superstructure is a metaphorical concept,it is only natural that it may incur disputing ideas or misunderstanding.

关 键 词：西方学者 马克思 上层建筑 比喻性概念 误解 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]