中国作物新基因发掘：现状、挑战与展望  

Novel Gene Discovery of Crops in China:Status,Challenging,and Perspective

作　　者：邱丽娟[1] 郭勇[1] 黎裕[1] 王晓波[1] 周国安[1] 刘章雄[1] 周时荣[1] 李新海[1] 马有志[1] 王建康[1] 万建民[1] 

机构地区：[1]农作物基因资源与遗传改良国家重大科学工程,中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《作物学报》2011年第1期1-17,共17页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家高技术发展计划(863计划)项目(2006AA100104);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2004CB117213);国家科技支撑计划项目(2006BAD13B05);引进国际先进农业科学计划(948计划)项目(2006-G1)资助

摘　　要：作物新基因发掘是实现作物种质资源向基因资源转变和作物分子育种的基础。本文对中国水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花和油菜等主要作物基因发掘研究进展进行了分析和评述,总结出近10年来中国科学家在作物基因发掘研究领域取得的突破性进展,包括:(1)创制出一批具有特色的基因发掘材料,包括基于中国作物遗传多样性的核心种质、基于优异资源的遗传分离群体和基于人工诱变的突变体等;(2)基因发掘技术和方法有所突破,尤其是建立了针对不同基因特点整合各种技术的基因发掘技术、改进了基因/QTL的生物统计算法等,提高了基因发掘的效率;(3)作物重要性状基因/QTL的标记定位已成为作物常规遗传研究方法,初步定位了一批抗病虫、抗逆、优质、养分高效、高产相关基因/QTL,其中,有500多个基因已精细定位;(4)以水稻为代表的作物基因克隆及功能研究在国际上受到瞩目,在主要作物中已克隆了300多个基因,其中,在目标作物中验证的重要性状基因数超过70个。目前,国际作物基因发掘正朝高效化、规模化及实用化方向发展,中国作物基因发掘也在这些方面有所创新。然而,与国际作物基因发掘研究相比还存在差距,中国作物基因发掘的数量和质量还远远不能满足作物分子育种的需求,具体表现为不同作物基因发掘研究进展不平衡、发掘基因的数量还相对有限、已发掘的基因中具有重大利用价值的基因不多等。针对中国基因发掘面临的问题和世界各国以及跨国生物技术公司争夺基因的巨大挑战,作者提出了中国作物基因发掘应重点提高基因发掘效率,开展重要基因克隆及基因的价值评估,加强以生物产业发展需求为导向的基因发掘策略。Discovery of novel genes in crops is the basis to change germplasm resources from phenotypical characterization to a gene level and hence for molecular breeding.This paper reviewed progress of novel gene discovery studies in major crops,such as rice,wheat,maize,soybean,cotton,and oilseed rape in China.In last decade,Chinese scientists have achieved a number of breakthroughs on novel gene identification in crops,including：（1） Various distinctive materials for gene discovery were created,such as core collections of germplasms based on crop genetic diversity,establishment of genetic populations based on genetic resources with favorite traits,assessment of mutants derived from mutagenesis,and so on;（2） Technology and methods of gene discovery were further developed,especially the gene-based integration of various discovery technologies with combination of biometric algorithm improvement of gene/QTLs,and therefore the efficiency of gene discovery was increased;（3） Mapping genes/QTLs related to important agronomic traits of crops has become a common method for genetic studies.A number of genes/QTLs associated with disease and insect resistance,stress tolerance,good quality,nutrient use efficiency and high yield have been mapped,of which more than 500 genes have been positioned on chromosomes precisely by fine mapping;（4） Great progress in cloning and functional analysis of crop genes in China,particularly in rice,has drawn world-wide attention.More than 300 genes have been cloned in the main crops,among which more than 70 genes have been functionally validated in crops.While gene discovery in crops becomes more and more efficient,large-scale and towards utilization in the world,Chinese scientists are also making new findings in this field.However,the quality and quantity of crop gene discovery in China is still far from satisfy-ing the needs for molecular breeding and the overall level of novel gene discovery is still behind top labs/institutions in the world.Gene discovery in different crops has deve

关 键 词：作物 基因 QTLS 定位 克隆 发掘 功能 

分 类 号：S188[农业科学—农业基础科学]