城市人为热排放分类研究及其对气温的影响  

URBAN ANTHROPOGENIC HEAT CATEGORIZING AND ITS EFFECTS ON URBAN TEMPERATURE

作　　者：张弛[1] 束炯[1] 陈姗姗[1] 

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学地理系地理信息科学教育部重点实验室,上海200062

出　　处：《长江流域资源与环境》2011年第2期232-238,共7页Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(40671176);上海市基础重点项目(08JC1408500)(072512021);上海市环保局重点项目(沪环科09-26)

摘　　要：随着城市化进程日益加速,城市热岛现象愈发严重。利用上海市近50a各区县月均温数据,统计分析了各区与崇明夏季每5a均温差,发现热岛效应由市区中心向郊区延伸,范围越来越大,特别是20世纪80年代开始温差呈较大幅增加,城市热岛现象显著;在前人工作的基础上,分析热岛产生机制中的主要原因之一:城市中人为热排。绘制人为热排放流程图,并将城市人为热源进行分类,分析所有可能成为人为热排放源的设施以便定性及控制研究;对供给,消费和排出3种阶段的计算方法进行对比归纳,根据目的不同分别使用;分别计算燃油排热和燃煤排热以估算上海市人为热排放总量,统计上海市区和郊区的年均温及年均温差随时间变化及其与人为热排放之间的关系,发现两者之间有很好的相关性;最后就上海市夏季空调使用排热对上海市温度影响进行了定性研究,数字化上海市航片得到上海市建筑物分布图,假设楼层和空调密度之间存在相关性,发现空调排热与地面温度反演有着非常良好的一致性,同时也是造成上海城市高温的主要因素之一。Urban heat island is more and more severe since urbanization develops rapidly.Month average temperature data of 11 districts in 50 years of shanghai was analyzed,and temperature difference of every 5 years between each station and Chongming was got,showing the extend of heat island from city center to rural areas,especially from 1980s,20th century,with a larger increase of difference in temperature.On the basis of existed theories,one of the main mechanisms of heat island generation——anthropogenic heat emission,was analyzed.All possible heat resources and facilities in urban were studied and categorized based on the flow chart,then calculating methods of 3 phases were compared for different purposes.Heat emitted by carbon and fuel was calculated respectively,in order to estimate the total amount of anthropogenic heat.Meanwhile,annual average temperature of both downtown and suburb,temperature difference,and its relativity to anthropogenic heat were analyzed.Finally,effects on temperature by the usage of air-conditioning in summer of Shanghai were studied.The construction distribution of Shanghai was obtained from the digitizing Supposing a relativity between floors and air-conditioning density,it was found that heat emitted by air-conditioning had a quite good consistency with surface temperature retrieval,which was also proved to be one of the main reason of high temperature in Shanghai city.

关 键 词：城市热岛 人为热源 空调排放 城市高温 

分 类 号：P467[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]