基于作物需水与降雨径流调控的隔坡梯田结构优化  

Optimization of structure of slope-separated terrace based on crop water requirement and control of rainfall runoff

作　　者：梁改革[1,2,3] 高建恩[1,3,4] 韩浩[3,4] 孟岩[3,4] 幸定武[4] 赵文君[1,2,3] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院研究生院,北京100049 [3]国家节水灌溉杨凌工程技术研究中心,陕西杨凌712100 [4]西北农林科技大学,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国水土保持科学》2011年第1期24-32,共9页Science of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目"黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持与高效农业关键技术集成与示范"(2011BAD31B05);水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项"保障渭河生态基流的关中地区农业节水及调控技术研究"(2009ZX07212-002-003-02);国家自然科学基金项目"黄土高原小流域坡沟侵蚀系统水沙关系模拟试验研究"(50809056)

摘　　要：针对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地作物普遍存在的干旱缺水与水土流失问题,基于作物需水过程和降雨径流调控理念,利用WEPP模型对不同梯田模式下春玉米生育期的降雨、径流、入渗、蒸发、土壤水进行作物生育期需水耗水过程计算。结果表明:研究条件下,单一模式隔坡梯田不能完全解决春玉米需水与天然来水在时间上的错位问题,且一般情况下需要1∶6～1∶8平坡比收集降雨径流,土地资源浪费严重;结合水窖,不但能大量节约土地资源、满足作物需水,且隔坡梯田作物年产量、作物水分利用效率和降水利用效率较无隔坡条件均增加50%以上,基本实现作物增产和减少水土流失的双重目标;得出的典型模式隔坡梯田平坡比取值参考表可供黄土丘陵沟壑区隔坡梯田设计规划参考。在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,隔坡梯田与水窖蓄水配合,不但可满足作物生长过程需水,而且又可防止水土流失,是适宜推广的坡地降雨径流调控方式,这对坡地水土资源高效利用具有实际指导意义。In order to solve the problems of drought and water shortage and soil erosion for crops on hilly area of Loess Plateau,this paper calculated the precipitation,runoff,erosion and sediment yield,infiltration,evaporation and soil water for the process of water requirement during Zea mays L.growth period for different terrace modes using WEPP model,basing on crop water demand and control of rainfall runoff.The results showed that the individual slope-separated terrace could not fully solve the dislocation problem in time between the Zea mays L.water requirement and natural runoff,and ordinarily the ratio of terrace width to interval slope length should to be 1∶6 to 1∶8 to collect the rainfall runoff,which seriously wasted the land resources;Combing the water cellar,not only a large number of land resources could be saved to meet the water requirement,but also the annual crop yield,water use efficiency and precipitation use efficiency on slope-separated terrace were higher by more than 50% than that on level terrace,which basically achieved the dual goals of increasing crop yield and reducing soil erosion;The given table of the ratio of terrace width to interval slope length on typical model could provide a reference for the design and planning of the slope-separated terrace on hilly area of Loess Plateau.This study showed that the combination of slope-separated terrace and water cellar was a pattern of control of rainfall runoff on slope suitable for promotion,for the reason that it could not only meet crop water demand during the whole growth period,but also could prevent water loss and soil erosion,and it had an actual meaning in guiding efficient utilization of land and water resources on slope land.

关 键 词：作物需水 降雨径流调控 WEPP 隔坡梯田 结构优化 

分 类 号：S33[农业科学—作物遗传育种]