南四湖过水区不同施肥模式下农田养分径流特征初步研究  

Characteristics of nutrient runoff losses in farmland of Nansi Lake basin under different fertilization patterns

作　　者：谭德水[1] 江丽华[1] 张骞 郑福丽[1] 高新昊[1] 林海涛[1] 徐钰[1] 刘兆辉[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,山东济南250100 [2]山东省微山县昭阳街道办事处农技站,山东微山277600

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2011年第2期464-471,共8页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目(2007BAD87B05);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(200803030);山东省科技支撑计划项目(2007GGC02002)资助

摘　　要：以南四湖过水区农田为研究对象,在小麦-玉米轮作的夏玉米季内设置地表径流水收集装置,探索减少养分径流损失、提高湖区水质的有效施肥模式。结果表明,有机物料覆盖和与土壤混合可有效降低地表水径流量,泥沙径流损失量与径流水量无直接关系;试验区降水的分布和强度特点使农田径流水无机态氮、总氮、可溶性磷和总磷浓度在玉米不同生育阶段内无显著规律,但其浓度在不同处理间受施肥量、品种及类型的影响差异显著;无机氮径流损失以硝态氮(NO3--N)形式为主(NO3--N占无机氮径流总量的82.9%～90.8%);可溶性磷和颗粒磷基本各占流失总磷一半的比例,地表径流水NO-3-N浓度对水质产生潜在威胁;玉米生育季内农民习惯施肥处理总氮径流损失量可达11.89 kg/hm2,氮磷钾平衡施用、控释氮肥应用、有机肥替代部分化肥以及秸秆还田等处理径流水无机氮和总氮损失量(率)以及磷素地表径流量均显著低于农民习惯施肥(FP)。在保证玉米产量前提下(四个处理较FP分别增产7.7%、5.9%、3.6%和1.5%),为降低养分随地表径流造成的水质污染,上述施肥模式均可在沿南四湖区农田使用,其中控释氮肥的应用综合效果较好。The optimized fertilization patterns are important to reduce nutrient runoff losses and improve lake water quality.The seasonal changes of N and P runoff losses were monitored in a wheat-maize rotation system in Nansi Lake basin in temperate region of North China.The results show that organic materials mixed with soil or covering on soil surface could effectively reduce runoff water amount,and bedload loss is not directly related to runoff water amount.The trends of contents of inorganic nitrogen,total nitrogen,dissolved phosphorus and total phosphorus are varied at different growth stages of maize caused by distribution and intensity of the precipitation at the experimental site,and the contents are significantly different in each fertilization treatment as affected by amounts,varieties and types of fertilizers.N losses through runoff are mainly in NO-3-N form（NO-3-N runoff loss accounts for 82.9%-90.8% of the total）,and the dissolved phosphorus loss and particulate phosphorus loss are about a half of total phosphorus loss.Total nitrogen loss is up to 11.89 kg/ha in FP（People traditional fertilization） treatment throughout the maize＇s season.NO-3-N concentration is a potential threat to groundwater quality.The balanced fertilization,N-controlled release fertilizer,organic fertilizer and straw returned to soil could significantly reduce losses of inorganic nitrogen,total nitrogen,and phosphorus compared to the FP treatment.Considering the production of maize（Maize yields are increased about 7.7%,5.9%,3.6% and 1.5% in above four treatments compared to the FP treatment） with reducing water pollution caused by nutrient runoff losses,the above four fertilization patterns could be used in the farmland of Nansi Lake basin,in which the effect of N-controlled release fertilizer is better.

关 键 词：南四湖 施肥模式 养分流失 径流 

分 类 号：S158[农业科学—土壤学]