古巴比伦私人农业经济的商业化特征  

Commercial Features of the Private Agrarian Economy in Ancient Babylon

作　　者：于殿利[1] 

机构地区：[1]商务印书馆,编审北京100710

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2011年第2期208-219,224,共12页Social Sciences in China

摘　　要：虽然王室和神庙控制着古代美索不达米亚的土地,但私人经济始终发挥着重要作用。在古巴比伦私人农业经济领域,商品经济得到了长足发展。纳第图女祭司、商人塔木卡乃至政府官员均投入土地买卖活动中,他们并不直接参与土地耕种,其目的是通过土地买卖赚取商业利润。土地的开发利用实行各种形式的租赁制和合伙制,甚至出现了专门负责管理土地的职业管理人。而土地的耕种则采用雇佣劳动,雇主与雇工之间签订具有明确责权利条款的雇佣合同,工资的支付既可采用货币支付也可采用实物支付,但需征得雇工的同意。从土地的买卖、经营、耕种、农业资本的形成等方面看,古巴比伦私人农业经济具有超乎想象的商业化特征。In ancient Mesopotamia,the land was controlled by the royal family and the temples,but the private economy always played a significant role.Ancient Babylon saw a considerable development of the commodity economy within the private agrarian economy.Nadītu,large merchants and even government officials were all engaged in land trading.They did not get directly involved in farming but aimed at making a profit from land transactions.Land development was realized through various land leases and partnerships,and this period even saw the emergence of professional land managers.Laborers were hired to farm the land under employment contracts that specified rights and obligations.Wage could be paid in cash or in kind with prior consent of employees.Seen from the point of view of land transactions,management,farming and the formation of agricultural capital,the private agricultural economy in ancient Babylon possessed commercial features that are beyond what we could have imagined.

关 键 词：古巴比伦 美索不达米亚 《汉穆拉比法典》 农业经济 

分 类 号：F319[经济管理—产业经济] K124.3[历史地理—历史学]