施肥与耕作对红壤坡地养分流失的影响  

Effect of Fertilizer Levels and Tillage Methods on Nutrient Loss of Red Soil Slopes

作　　者：王云[1,2] 徐昌旭[2] 汪怀建[1] 谢志坚[2] 

机构地区：[1]江西农业大学国土资源与环境学院,南昌330045 [2]江西省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所,南昌330200

出　　处：《农业环境科学学报》2011年第3期500-507,共8页Journal of Agro-Environment Science

基　　金：全国第一次污染源普查:种植业源污染物流失系数测算坡耕地地表径流重点监测(WX-Z-07-0);国家"十一五"科技支撑计划(2007BAD87B01;2007BAD87B08)

摘　　要：采用田间小区试验方法,通过田间实地监测,在自然降雨条件下,对南方典型红壤坡耕地采取不同施肥量及不同耕作方式对作物养分利用率及地表径流的影响进行了研究。结果表明,萝卜优化施肥(减氮增钾)和花生优化施肥(减氮增磷),作物对氮磷养分吸收量均不会减少,同时提高了氮素养分利用率,萝卜提高15%,花生提高3.3%,优化施肥对磷素利用率没有影响且利用率较低,萝卜为8.55%～8.73%,花生为2.47%～2.63%。花生垄作氮肥利用率提高12.15%～12.77%,磷肥利用率提高1.24%～1.28%;同时期的径流量与降雨量呈显著正相关,相关系数达0.86;垄作使径流总量降低0.43×105L·hm-2,垄作+秸秆覆盖比单纯垄作径流总量降低0.14×105L·hm-2;除对照(CK)外,径流水中TN、TP浓度处理间差异不显著,但可溶性养分(NO3--N、NH4+-N、STP)后期有所不同,不同时期径流水中养分浓度变化较大,主要与施肥、农事活动及降水养分浓度有关;径流水氮磷养分流失总量与施肥量呈正比;旱地土壤氮素主要以泥沙结合态流失,NO3--N是可溶性无机氮流失的主要形态,占TN的10.53%～12.48%,NH4+-N次之,占TN的6.19%～8.33%,磷素也以泥沙结合态流失为主,STP占TP的29.38%～40.74%。Red soil is the most important soil resources in the subtropical region of China where there is a relatively serious soil erosion caused by unreasonable utilization and heavy rainfall.Nitrogen and phosphorus losses with runoff are the main contributions to water eutrophication.In order to study how to reduce the nutrients losses and improve the nutrients recoveries,a field experiment treated with different application rates and different cultivation methods was conducted on the typical red soil sloping upland in 2008.The results showed that the optimized fertilization treatment increased the radish and the peanut＇s recoveries for nitrogen fertilizer by 15% and 3.3% respectively,while had no effects on the both crops＇ recoveries for phosphorous fertilizer.Ridge culture treatment improved the peanut＇s recoveries for nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers by 12.15%~12.77% and 1.24%~1.28% respectively.The volume of runoff was positively correlated to rainfall amount significantly with a correlation coefficient of 0.86.Single ridge culture treatment reduced the total volume of runoff by 0.43×105 L·hm-2,while ridge culture combined with straw mulching treatment reduced the total volume of runoff by 0.14×105 L·hm-2,compared to the single ridge culture treatment.Except the control treatment（CK）,the concentrations of TN（total nitrogen） and TP（total phosphorous） in runoff were no significant difference between other treatments,while the soluble nutrients,such as NO3-N,NH＋4-N and soluble phosphorous,were different between treatments.The concentrations of nutrients in runoff varied with time,which were mainly influenced by the fertilization,farming activities and rainfall.The total loss of nitrogen and phosphorous with runoff was positively correlated to the total amount of application.For red soil sloping upland,both nitrogen and phosphorous lost by adhering to the soil granular with the runoff.NO-3-N and NH＋4-N were the two main forms of soluble inorganic nitrogen loss,accounting for 10.53%~12.48% a

关 键 词：施肥 耕作 地表径流 养分流失 坡耕地 红壤 

分 类 号：X522[环境科学与工程—环境工程]