长期施肥下中国典型农田小麦氮肥利用率的时空演变  

Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat as Affected by Long-Term Fertilization in the Typical Soil of China

作　　者：闫鸿媛[1,2] 段英华[2] 徐明岗[2] 吴礼树[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院,武汉430070 [2]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业部作物营养与施肥重点开放实验室,北京100081

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2011年第7期1399-1407,共9页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2011CB100501);国家自然科学基金(41001175);中国博士后科学基金(201003189);国家基础性工作专项项目(2007FY220400)

摘　　要：【目的】阐明长期不同施肥条件下中国典型农田土壤小麦氮肥利用率时间演变趋势和空间差异,为评价和建立长期施肥模式、提高氮肥利用率提供依据。【方法】对中国典型农田土壤——褐潮土、轻壤质潮土、塿土和红壤设置的15—18年长期试验的小麦氮肥利用率及相关数据进行统计分析。【结果】小麦多年平均氮肥利用率在长期偏施氮肥(N处理)条件下最低,为6.5%—14.4%,在平衡施肥(NPK处理)条件下可达到20.5%—78.5%。N处理小麦的氮肥利用率以每年0.61%—2.32%的速率下降,NPK处理小麦的氮肥利用率在褐潮土、轻壤质潮土和塿土上呈上升趋势,而在红壤上呈下降趋势。红壤上化肥配施有机肥(NPKM处理),小麦的氮肥利用率较NPK处理增加了15.9%,且年际间保持持平。长期单施氮肥土壤氮、磷、钾养分呈亏缺或者持平趋势,均衡施用氮、磷、钾肥土壤养分逐年上升,氮、磷、钾养分的均衡供应有利于提高小麦对氮肥的利用率。【结论】长期偏施氮肥会导致小麦氮肥利用率随施肥年限增加而降低,施用有机肥不但可以保证土壤的可持续供氮能力,而且在南方红壤地区还可以防止土壤酸化。【Objective】The study was conducted to investigate the effect of long-term fertilization on nitrogen use efficiency（NUE） of wheat in various soil types of China,aiming to provide scientific references for establishing appropriate fertilization mode and improving NUE.【Method】 The NUE of wheat were examined in three treatments： chemical N fertilization（N）,combined chemical fertilization（NPK）,and combined chemical fertilization with manure（NPKM） in four typical soils（Aqui-cinnamon soil,AC;Fluvo-aquic soil,FA;Cumuli cinnamon soil,CC;and Red soil,RS） of China.【Result】 The NUE declined in the N treatments at all sites,with annual decreasing rate of 0.61%-2.32%.The averaged NUE was 6.5%-14.4% in the N treatments during the entire experiment periods.NUE in NPK treatments was significantly higher than that in N treatments,with averaged value of 20.5%-78.5%.Nitrogen use efficiency increase over time under long-term NPK fertilization at most sites.However,the NUE of NPK treatment showed a clearly decreasing trend in the red soil.Compared to the NPK fertilization,manure fertilization resulted in more stable NUE especially in the red soil where the averaged NUE value was 15.9% higher in the NPKM fertilization than in the NPK treatment.In addition,soil nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium were lost under N fertilization but increased under NPK fertilization.The results indicated that balanced fertilization was beneficial to the improvement of NUE of wheat.【Conclusion】 Long-term fertilization with single N can result in a decrease NUE of wheat.The continuous manure fertilization could not only keep well capacity of sustainable soil nitrogen supply,but also prevent soil acidification in south China.

关 键 词：长期施肥 氮肥利用率 小麦 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]