不同氮肥管理措施在华北平原冬小麦上的应用效果  

Response of winter wheat to different nitrogen managements in North Central China

作　　者：赵士诚[1] 沙之敏[1] 何萍[1] 

机构地区：[1]农业部作物营养与施肥重点实验室,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2011年第3期517-524,共8页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划课题(2007CB109306);国家科技支撑计划课题(2006BAD02A14)资助

摘　　要：在河北省衡水和辛集试验点,采用田间试验研究了氮肥不同用量和不同基追比对冬小麦生长、产量和土壤氮素变化的影响。结果表明,衡水试验点的土壤本底供氮量能满足小麦返青前的正常生长,施氮肥对小麦增产无效,但与施基肥处理相比,不施基肥、仅在拔节和孕穗期2∶1分次追肥显著提高了氮肥利用率。在辛集,不施基肥显著影响小麦返青前的生长,施N 60 kg/hm2能满足小麦拔节前的正常生长,不施基肥、仅在拔节后追肥不能消除前期氮缺乏对小麦生长和高产的影响;N 240 kg/hm2以基追比1∶3施用时能获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率。冬小麦生育期田间氮肥表观损失主要来源于基肥,但中后期追肥比例过大也增加了收获后土壤的无机氮残留。由于土壤肥力和质地不同,相同氮肥管理方法下两试验点小麦的生长、产量和氮肥利用率的差异较大,因此,为达到作物高产和氮肥高效,对氮肥的同步调控应结合作物养分阶段需求、土壤养分供应特征和土壤肥力、质地的区域分异特征分区进行。The field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen（N） fertilizer rates and the ratio of basal N and topdressing N on winter wheat growth,grain yield and the change of soil N content in Hengshui and Xinji,Hebei province,respectively.The results show that indigenous N supply could meet the demand of N for winter wheat normal growth before the revival stage,and the applied N fertilizer do not significantly increase wheat grain yield in Hengshui site,while compared with the treatments of applying basal N and topdressing N,the applications of topdressing N only at shooting and booting stages at the ratio of 2 ∶ 1 increase N use efficiency significantly.In Xinji site,N 60 kg/ha could meet the demand of N for wheat growth before the shooting stage,all N are applied as topdressing at the shooting stage do not eliminate the effect of N deficient at the early growth stage on wheat growth and high grain yield,and the application of N 240 kg/ha at the ratio of 1 ∶ 3（basal N and topdressing N） at the shooting stage could achieve higher grain yield and N use efficiency compared with other treatments.The apparent N loss during winter wheat growth season mainly comes from the basal N,while high topdressing N rates at mid-later stages also increase soil N residual after the harvest.Because of the variations of soil fertility and texture,the effects of the same N management method on winter wheat growth,yield and N use efficiency in two sites are different,so for higher crop yield and higher N use efficiency,the synchronizing regulation of N fertilizer should combine crop nutrient demand,nutrient supply from soil and regional variation characters of soil fertility and texture.

关 键 词：冬小麦 氮肥管理 基肥 追肥 

分 类 号：S512.11.062[农业科学—作物学]