中西政治制度设计中的“人性假定”  

The Hypothesis of Human Nature in the Design of Western Countries and China's Political System

作　　者：邓研华[1] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学政治与公共管理学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《南通大学学报（社会科学版）》2011年第3期17-22,共6页Journal of Nantong University:Social Sciences Edition

摘　　要：任何一种制度的安排,都应该建立在特定的人性认识基础之上。中西不同的人性假定,导致了不同的治政方略和制度路径。西方政治制度理念的基本分析框架,是建立在人性恶论基础之上的权力分立和制衡思想,其基本的哲学判断是"制度高于人性";中国传统政治制度理念的基本分析框架,则是建立在人性善论基础之上的崇尚德治与集权专制思想,其基本的哲学判断是"人性优于制度"。"性善"与"性恶"两种不同的人性假定,导致了中西"德治"与"法治"不同的政治文化与政治制度设计。"德治"与"法治"分别构成了中西政治哲学的核心理念。儒家文化中的人性本善假定从民族文化精神和心理的角度看,固然提升了人们对民族文化的自尊自豪感、民族自信心以及民族凝聚力,但却对中国政治发展也产生过一些不良影响。中国传统的德治思想必须突破和超越人治的范畴,必须在私人领域和公共领域两相区分的前提下,参照西方的宪政理念与法治经验,方可为当代中国的政治建构提供有益的借鉴。Institutional arrangement should be based on particular foundation of epistemology to human nature.Different kinds of humanity postulation in Western countries and China result in quite different kinds of political tactics and institutional route.The basic analytical framework of political system in western countries is the thought which is based on the decentralization and counterbalance of power.The main philosophical judgment of it is ＂institution is superior to human nature.The basic analytical framework of political system in China is the thought which is based on the rule of virtue and autocracy.The main philosophical judgment of it is＂ human nature is superior to institution.The two kinds of hypothesis for human nature,doctrine of good human nature and doctrine of evil human nature,resulted to quite different kinds of political culture and system design in China and western countries.The rule of virtue and the rule of law,consist of the core concept of political philosophy in China and western countries respectively.In our era,it is necessary to run the country by law and at the same time run the country by virtue.

关 键 词：政治制度 人性假定 性善论 性恶论 德治 

分 类 号：D62[政治法律—政治学]