大气酸性沉降物对中欧森林土壤环境的影响  

The Impacts on Forest Soil Environment by Acid Atmospheric Deposition in Central Europe

作　　者：钟哲科 王林钢 

机构地区：[1]德国德累斯顿技术大学

出　　处：《世界环境》1999年第4期28-30,共3页World Environment

摘　　要：大气酸性沉降物对土壤环境的影响，仍是当今世界环境问题的焦点之一。在近十几年中，中欧国家的环境变化与其他一些国家和地区相比显得尤为突出，如１９９３ 年的调查显示，整个中欧地区２３ ％ 的森林叶子凋落严重。在德国，近几年针叶树种的凋叶程度虽然得到控制， 但阔叶树种的凋叶程度却仍有增加的趋势。虽然在中欧地区近些年大气沉降物中ＳＯ４ ２ － ，Ｈ ＋ 和Ｃａ２ ＋ 的含量有所下降，但ＮＨ４＋ 和ＮＯ３－ 仍维持在一定水平。Ｈ ＋ 的直接输入量减少，但通过Ｎ 转化过程中产生的Ｈ ＋ 仍然很高。森林土壤环境变化趋势为：土壤表层ＡＬ 源枯竭，下层ＡＬ 离子浓度增加，原来被吸咐于土壤中的ＳＯ４ ２ － 有所释放，Ｎ 在有机质层中有明显结果，有效Ｎ 浓度提高，但有效Ｃａ２ ＋ 、Ｍｇ２ ＋ 的浓度却减少。相应地， 森林生长也出现了相应的变化，即根系生长量减少却趋向于分布于表层土壤，有些地方森林生长量有所增加， 但地下部分生物量与地上部分之比却严重下降等等。结果造成了树叶凋落、失绿、易受风害等所谓的“新的森林毁坏”。The impact of acid atmospheric deposition on the environment is still one of the focus problems in the present world. In the recent decades, the environmental change in the central Europe is prominent compared to the other countries or areas . e. g., the investigation of 1993 showed that about 23%of the total forest in the central Europe suffered serious defoliation ,In Germany ,although the coniferous tree species show no increase in defoliation ,the broad-leaved tree species tend to increase in recent years.The,H+, Ca2+Concentrations in the atmospheric deposition are decreasing in the recently in the recent years in central Europe ,but the ,concentrations are still at the similar level. Although the H+input from deposition decreases , the H+resulting from N turnover is still high ,The tendency of forest soil environment change is as follows : the depletion of Al source in the topsoil ,and Alion concentration increase, release of formerly stored , accumulation of N in the organic layer ,increasing the N availability ,but the decrease of the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+.Meanwhile, the forest growth is changed with the environment change,i.e.,the decrease of root growth ,and shirt the rooting zone to the upper layer ,in some areas the increase of forest growth but with the striking decrease of root/shoot ratio etc ,resulting in defoliation, decolouration, and susceptibility to the wind ,which is so called ‘novel forest damage’.

关 键 词：大气酸性沉降 土壤环境变化 林木生长 中欧 

分 类 号：X517.032.3[环境科学与工程—环境工程] X53