明清保歇制度初探--以县域“保歇”为中心  

An Initial Discussion on Baoxie System in Ming and Qing Dynasties——Citing Baoxie in Counties as An Example

作　　者：胡铁球[1] 

机构地区：[1]宁夏大学人文学院历史系副教授,宁夏银川750021

出　　处：《社会科学》2011年第6期151-160,共10页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“歇家与明清基层社会变迁”研究(项目批准号:09BZS013)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：保歇制度曾盛行于明中期至清初,就县域"保歇"而言,是县衙与乡民之间的中间机构,是政府为了追征赋役和词讼审理的方便而设置的一种制度,在政府方面言其为保户,在乡民方面则言其为歇家,故合称为"保歇"。保歇延伸出来的异名非常多,有"歇保"、"保家"、"保户"、"保识"、"里歇"、"安保"、"主户"等等,纷繁复杂。保歇的设置多以里为单位,政府赋予保歇的核心职责主要是追征赋役、拘禁里长或纳户、勾摄、拘提、引领所保里长到衙门赴比等;就乡民而言,歇家几乎成为了他们进城的桥梁,不管是应役、交纳赋税,还是进城贸易、打官司皆需经过歇家这个环节,使歇家成为了实际控制乡村的势力群体。Baoxie system had prevailed from middle Ming dynasty to early Qing Dynasty.As Baoxie in counties,it＇s the middle organization between Xianya and villagers,and it＇s also a kind of system set by the government to impose taxes and try legal cases easily.The government called it Baohu,and the villagers called it Xiejia,so it was composed to ＂Baoxie＂.Baoxie had many different numerous and complicated names such as Xiebao,Baojia,Baohu,Baoshi,Lixie,Anbao,Zhuhu and so on.Baoxie was set by Li.Baoxie＇s core duties which the government gave were mainly to impose taxes,arrest Lizhang and Nahu and take them to Yamen.As for villagers,Xiejia almost became the bridge they got into cities.Not only serving corvée or paying taxes,but also trade or legal cases,they need Xiejia.Then Xiejia became the group who actually controlled the villages.

关 键 词：明清 保歇 歇家 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] K249[历史地理—中国史]