论国民观在清末的兴起  

On the Rise of National Outlook in the Late Ch’ing Dynasty

作　　者：郑大华[1,2] 朱蕾[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,北京100006 [2]湖南师范大学历史文化学院,湖南长沙410081

出　　处：《学术界》2011年第6期189-201,289,共13页Academics

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"抗战时期(1931-1945)民族复兴思潮研究"(批准号:09BZS033);湖南省高等学校科学研究项目重点课题"抗战时期知识界的民族复兴思潮"(编号08A035)的前期研究成果

摘　　要：在近代内忧外患的社会背景下,存在两千年之久的作为历史文化传统的臣民观念开始瓦解。在传统天下观念逐渐式微的同时,主权意识在近代知识分子们的思想中日渐明晰起来,并引发了近代中国民族国家观念的产生。以梁启超为代表的改良派知识分子和以孙中山为首的革命派知识分子都深受社会达尔文主义的影响,认为救国需要新国民,并对国民的"奴隶性"进行了猛烈的批判,认为"新国民"应该具有权利、义务、独立、自由、尚武、公德、自治等特质,但当他们面对内忧外患的时局时,又往往"变通"的提倡从日本学来的以国家为本位的国民思想,要求人们为了国家的权利、自由而限制甚至牺牲自己的权利、自由,徘徊于思想启蒙和救亡图存之间,并最终滑向了后者。Facing the context of the domestic strife and foreign aggression,the subject outlook lasting more than two thousand years as historical cultural tradition begins to collapse.The sovereignty consciousness appears with the decline of traditional outlook of Tian-xia gradually,which initiates the birth of Chinese national state outlook.Both the reformists represented by Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat-Sen accept the social Darwinism,arguing that saving the nation needs the new national people,and criticizing their slave nature fiercely,also insist the new nation should have the characters of pursuit for rights,duty,independence,freedom,force,social morality,autonomy and so on.But when they face the situation of the state of flux,they turn to advocate the national ideology which is based on the state,and claim that the national people should sacrifice their own rights and liberty for the state,so they hesitate between enlightenment and saving the country and go into the latter indeed finally.

关 键 词：臣民观 国民 民族国家 奴隶性 新国民 

分 类 号：K257[历史地理—历史学]