炭材料对铀的吸附  

Adsorption of Uranium by Carbon Materials from Aqueous Solutions

作　　者：李兴亮[1,2,3] 宋强[1] 刘碧君[2] 刘春霞[1] 王航[1] 耿俊霞[1] 陈震[1] 刘宁[3] 李首建[1,3] 

机构地区：[1]四川大学化学学院,成都610064 [2]中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所,绵阳621900 [3]辐射物理及技术教育部重点实验室(四川大学),成都610064

出　　处：《化学进展》2011年第7期1446-1453,共8页Progress in Chemistry

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(No.20871086;20571053)资助

摘　　要：铀既是核燃料的主要成分又是乏燃料后处理的关键核素。将铀从乏燃料后处理流程中的高放射性料液或者其他含铀废水中分离出来既可以将此宝贵的核燃料回收使用,又有利于降低乏燃料处理后期的处置费用以及减少铀对环境的污染。而从海水、盐湖水、尾矿废水等贫铀水体中提取铀则可能是解决将来铀资源匮乏的主要方法。炭质材料具有较大的比表面积、较高的孔隙率,耐高温,抗辐射,对各种酸碱环境有很高稳定性,而且本身无毒,环境友好,有望作为吸附剂或固相萃取材料用于从水体中吸附分离铀。本文介绍了活性炭、介孔炭、碳纳米管等材料对铀的吸附研究进展。表面功能化可以提高炭材料对铀酰离子的吸附容量与选择性,对炭材料功能化的方法主要有表面氧化、浸渍、负载和接枝等手段。由于化学稳定性高,采用化学方法在炭材料表面接枝功能分子是具有应用前景的研究方向。采用碳纤维作电极,电吸附铀的方法可以大量地从水溶液中将铀吸附到电极表面,再通过电脱附回收铀,具有工业化应用前景。Uranium is both the major constituent of nuclear fuel and one of the key nuclides in spent fuel reprocessing.Separation of uranium in various aqueous effluent streams via adsorption or solid-phase extraction can not only recycle this precious resource,but also reduce the cost for the final disposal of radioactive wastes.Carbon based sorbents,at least potentially,should play a correspondingly important role for this purpose.Carbon materials were chosen as the adsorbing material because of their large specific surface area,better acid and alkaline stability and higher radiation and thermal resistance.The adsorption capacity of carbon materials can be improved by surface oxidization and other chemical or physical modifications,such as impregnating,coating,or grafting functional molecules or groups that can extract uranium selectively from liquid solution.Comparing with other modification methods,grafting technology is a promising method because of its excellent affinity and high selectivity.Uranium in aqueous wastes can be effectively removed by electrosorption onto electrode made of carbon fibers.It seems that electrosorption process for the removal of uranium has a prospect of industrialization because of the high electrosorption efficiency and the low-cost regeneration of carbon fiber electrode.

关 键 词：铀 吸附 活性炭 介孔炭 碳纳米管 碳纤维 电吸附 

分 类 号：O615.11[理学—无机化学] O613.71[理学—化学]