不同施肥方式对春玉米产量、效益及氮素吸收和利用的影响  

Effects of nitrogen fertilization methods on yield,profit and nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring maize

作　　者：战秀梅[1] 李亭亭[1] 韩晓日[1] 邹殿博[1] 左仁辉[1] 叶冰[1] 

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院,农业部东北土壤与环境重点开放实验室,辽宁沈阳110866

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2011年第4期861-868,共8页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：农业部公益性行业专项(201103003);国家科技支撑计划课题(2011BAD16B12,2008BAD95B01)资助

摘　　要：通过田间试验研究了农民习惯施肥、氮肥减量及减量后移、氮肥一次性深施对春玉米产量、效益、花后干物质和氮素积累与转移情况及氮的吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥处理(氮用量N 280 kg/hm2,口肥和拔节期追肥比例为1∶4,N280/2,)相比,氮肥减量后移处理(氮用量N 240 kg/hm2,口肥、拔节期和大喇叭口期追肥比例为1∶2∶2,N240/3)增产3.91%,增收592元/hm2;氮肥一次性深施处理(氮用量N 240 kg/hm2,播种时一次深施在15 cm处,N240/1)增产11.48%,增收2032元/hm2;氮肥减量后移处理(N240/3)和氮肥一次性深施处理(N240/1)的经济系数、后期干物质和氮的转移量、转移效率及对子粒的贡献率显著提高,氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮肥农学利用率(ANUE)、氮素吸收效率(NUPE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP)、氮收获指数(NH I)也显著提高。氮肥减量后移处理(N240/3)花后干物质和氮的积累量及占总量的比例最高;氮肥一次性深施处理(N240/1)花后干物质和氮积累量较高,但所占比例较低;习惯施肥处理(N 280/2)干物质和氮积累量较低,但所占比例较高。由于关于一次性施肥存在较多争议,因此尚不能认为氮肥一次性深施方式可以替代农民习惯施肥;而氮肥减量后移处理既获得了较高的产量,也提高了氮效率,是一种科学的施肥方式。A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates and methods on yield,profit,post-anthesis dry matter,N accumulation and translocation,nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring maize.The objective of this experiment was to make a scientific suggestion for high-yield management and N efficient utilization of spring maize.The results show that the yield and profit are increased by 3.91% and 592 Yuan/ha under the reducing and postponing N application（RPN,N 240 kg/ha,1/5 basal,2/5 topdressing at the jointing stage and 2/5 topdressing at the bell-mouthed stage,N 240/3） compared with farmers＇ practice（FP,N 280 kg/ha,1/5 basal and 4/5 topdressing at the jointing stage,N 280/2）.The treatment of single deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer as basal nitrogen fertilizer single basal application（SBN,N 240 kg/ha,total basal into 15 cm,N 240/1） has the best yield and profit,and the yield is increased by 11.48% and the profit is increased by 2032 Yuan/ha compared with FP.In addition to these,the harvest index（HI）,dry matter,nitrogen translocation and its rate,rate of contribution to grain,N use efficiency（NUE）,agronomic N use efficiency（ANUE）,N uptake efficiency（NUPE）,N partial factor productivity（PFP） and N harvest index（NHI） were increased significantly（P0.05） under RPN and SBN treatments.The post-anthesis dry matter and N accumulation amount,and their ratios to the total are the highest under N240/3,are higher under N240/1,but the ratios are lower,and are lower under N280/2,but the ratios are higher.There are many controversies on single basal application（SBN） of nitrogen fertilizer,so it could not conclude that SBN can be used to replace the farmers＇ practice.It has got higher yield and N efficiency for the RPN treatment,so the reducing and postponing N application（RPN） is a scientific nitrogen fertilizer application method.

关 键 词：春玉米 氮肥后移 一次性深施 氮高效利用 

分 类 号：S513S513[农业科学—作物学]