周口店直立人3号头骨的性别和年龄：南京直立人头骨的启示  

Sex and Age of Homo erectus Skull 3 from Zhoukoudian:Enlightenment from Nanjing Homo erectus Skull

作　　者：张银运[1] 邢松[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物进化系统学重点实验室,北京100044 [2]中国科学院研究生院,北京100039

出　　处：《人类学学报》2011年第3期241-249,共9页Acta Anthropologica Sinica

基　　金：中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA05130101);国家自然科学基金(批准号:40972017);科技部国际合作重点项目(2009DFB20580)资助

摘　　要：周口店直立人3号头骨是1929年发现的,被步达生鉴定为一青春期或成年期的女性个体的头骨。后来,步达生改变了观点,认为该头骨是代表青春期早期的男性个体。魏敦瑞同意步达生的意见,但认为该头骨应属于8岁或9岁的男性个体。此后,周口店直立人3号头骨的性别和年龄的鉴定一直困扰着许多古人类学家。1993年发现的南京直立人成年女性头骨在形态上和尺寸上与周口店直立人3号头骨有相近之处。本文对周口店直立人3号头骨与南京直立人等头骨作了形态和测量上的比较,结果表明:从头骨的尺寸大小,眶上圆枕、枕圆枕和肌嵴的发育程度以及头骨骨壁厚度等来看,周口店3号头骨有理由被认为是女性个体的。该头骨的鼓骨裂、下颌骨关节窝、泪腺窝、额窦、骨缝等都无法证明其是幼年个体。周口店直立人3号头骨应代表成年女性个体。Davidson Black initially identified the third skull（Skull E） from the 1929 excavations of Zhoukoudian as an adolescent or early adult female.Later,after preparation that revealed additional details of the bones,Black modified his opinion suggesting the Skull E was an early adolescent male,equivalent in age to a modern twelve-year-old.Weidenreich agreed with Black,but assigned a slightly younger age of eight to nine years to the specimen.He based this conclusion on four points,including the presence of： a cleft in the tympanic bone,a lacrimal groove,small frontal torus,and small glenoid fossa.Since then,many paleoanthropologists have been puzzled by the identification of the Skull E. In this paper,this skull is compared with other Homo erectus skulls,especially the skull from Nanjing,an adult female.The comparison shows that Skull E shares features in common with the Nanjing skull,including smaller cranial dimensions,relatively small supraorbital torus,and faint muscle makings.Meanwhile,the cleft in the tympanic bone,lacrimal groove,glenoid fossa,frontal sinus and thickness of cranial wall are not indictors that show the skull to be immature or male.It is noteworthy that the Skull 12 from Zhoukoudian,a mature one,exhibits open sutures without any hint of closure,as the state of the sutures of Skull 3.In view of the above considerations,this skull represents an adult female.

关 键 词：周口店直立人3号头骨 性别 年龄 成年女性个体 

分 类 号：Q981.6[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]